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Others indicate that in this ceremony treatment naive order arava line, the child was introduced to his or her future jobs in the house (Sckar 1932, p. The latter are invited to come to the kraal and partake of a light breakfast outside the hut in which the mother is. During the meal the child is admired and fondled by all present and fi nally passed to an old male friend of the family who shaves off its crop of hair. If the infant is a boy the old man hands him to his wife who takes him to the front entrance of the kraal to show him to the world. She then returns past the cattle enclosure to introduce him to the cattle, his main care in after life. He is also taken and introduced to the milk calabashes and then returned to his mother. This ends the epitho, much rejoicing and beer-drinking being indulged in subsequently. In the case of a girl a similar procedure is gone through with the excep tion that she is introduced to the threshing floor and the corn retainers in stead of to the cattle kraal and milk calabashes. Most of the Ambos interviewed for this study did not know the origin of this term. Some sources give the impression that the temporary name was given very soon after birth, before the epiitho ceremony, whereas other sources connect it specifically with this ceremony. It is also most confusing that some sources tell of one name-giving ceremony only. It is sometimes difficult to judge if it is the temporary name or the real name of the person that is referred to , or if it is possible that in some Ambo societies there really was only one name-giving. Because combining these stories would give a somewhat distorted picture of the matter, it is best to look at them separately. He also mentions the epiitho ceremony, but one gets the impression that the temporary name was given before that. This is how he describes it: Four days after a birth, the mother can leave the hut. According to him, this name was given by the same old woman, the wife of an old friend of the family, whose duty it was at the ceremony to familiarise the child with his or her future jobs: Before the visitors depart the old woman gives the child a nickname by which it is known until formal naming by the father takes place about a month later (Hahn 1928, p. He also connects this name-giving with the epiitho ceremony, which he describes without actually using the term epiitho. The child also got a string around its neck and its hair was shaved 111 Developments in the Ambo Anthroponymic System off. After this, the mother came out of the hut, and she and the midwife went to the fields, where good crops and rains were predicted. Unfortunately, Narhi does not say anything about who the giver of this temporary name was. He also mentions that the child re ceived another name when it grew a little older. This was done by the father before the dawn of that day, and up until then the name was kept secret. The purification and outdooring of the mother took place at the same time as well. As this is the only naming ceremony that Savola describes in his book, one might get the impression that he is talking about the giving of the real name. According to him, this took place roughly one week after the birth at a ceremony in which the baby boy was also taken to the cattle kraal and introduced as a warrior. For the former, close relatives gathered to see the child, whereas for the latter, neighbours and friends were invited too, and they all brought beer and food to the celebration. When the child was named, the father took it from the mother, held it in his arms and mentioned the name, which was usually a name of one of his friends. This is the only naming ceremony of the Ambo people that Vedder mentions in his book. The sources that list the most important Ambo ceremonies also draw a distinction between epiitho, i. Savola (Muutamia piirteita muinais-israelilaisten ja nykyisten ondongalaisten olojen, lakien ja tapojen yhtalaisyyksista, p. Later when the child had grown a little older, it received its real name from the father. According to him, the bestowal of the real name took place on the outdooring day, a few days after birth. Only if the father was away at the time of birth could a temporary name be given by the mother or other relatives. According to these Kwanyama informants, the real name was bestowed later at the outdooring ceremony, and this was done by the father. Based on both old literature and interviews, it is impossible to say with certainty when and by whom the temporary name was given, whether the name given at the outdooring ceremony was temporary or not, or whether there was still another nam ing ceremony after that. It is most likely that there were different cus toms in different Ambo subgroups and at different times as well. The one given by the father at the epiitho ceremony (another temporary name), and 3. However, it is possible that the other name giving ceremony was abandoned later, which would explain the fact that it is not remembered anymore. Be that as it may, it seems justifiable to state that Ambo children traditionally received a temporary name first and a real, permanent name somewhat later. The Bestowal of the Real Name and the Confirmation of the Namesake Relationship Let us take a closer look at sources which mention another name-giving ceremony taking place after the outdooring ceremony, epiitho. It is clear that in all these sources, the real name of the person is referred to . Ac cording to these sources, this ceremony took place when the child was between one and three months old, and the namesake had an important role in these festivities. This is how he describes this eluko ceremony: Before the naming ceremony the father informs the mother to call together her relatives and friends. A special friend of the father brings some strands of bark from the omugolo bush and fashions it into a small necklace and belt. In the morning of that day, the whole body of the child was anointed and pearls and wooden amulets were placed around the neck and arms in order to protect the child against diseases and to bring success in farming, cattle raising, hunting, and so on. After this, the father took the child, kneeled down and passed it un der his right knee to show that he admitted that the child was his. In the afternoon, the neighbours gathered in the house to hear what name the child had been given and to drink beer. On this occasion, the father took the child into his arms and ut tered its name, but he muttered this in order to prevent the mother from hearing it. After coming home, the father called his child by name loudly and clearly, so that everyone could hear it. The child was then clothed with a leather belt and a front strip, as well as a string of pearls.

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Speaking up on behalf of those activists would mean condoning cyber attacks as a legitimate means of expressing dissent and would thus risk triggering a cascade; staying silent would mean reneging on core prin ciples of Internet freedom medications zanx order arava in india, further entrenching authoritarian rule, and inviting even more cyber-attacks. Maybe all they want is to promote freedom of the Internet rather than freedom via the Internet. Even Western policymakers cannot agree on the extent to which the power of the Internet should be harnessed to engender democratic change around the world. One must distinguish be tween the weak form of Internet freedom promoted by the Obama 230 the Net Delusion administration and foreign policy liberals and its strong form, which is embraced by those who favor a more assertive, neoconservative foreign policy (its adherents are scattered across numerous think tanks like the George W. Bush Institute, the Hudson Institute, Freedom House, many of which were present at the Bush Institute gathering in Texas). The vision that underpins the struggle to build a world with few limits on speech does not necessarily forgo de mocracy promotion as one of its objectives; rather it takes a much longer view. Bush and his successor, Barack Obama, but one safe topic for conversation would be Internet freedom and the power of technology to foment democratic revolutions. Bush administration, pub lished an op-ed in the Wall Street Journal in which they hinted at how they would go about harnessing the power of the Internet in the case of Iran. In Iran and Moldova and other countries, online orga nizing has been a critical tool for advancing democracy and enabling citizens to protest suspicious election results. This scenario, of course, is unlikely to come true, let alone help to promote democracy, if only because there is not enough space to ma neuver in existing American policies, tied as they are to long-running concerns over terrorism, energy supply, and the politics of military bases. This is not the kind of criticism, however, that could se riously threaten the relationship between the two countries. Rather, it is the kind of criticism that assists American ofcials in presenting themselves as holding democracy above their own energy needs. While this may certainly help them cope with the often cynical nature of their work, the impact of such posturing on Azeri authorities is zero. As such, it would be come much harder to evaluate the continuity of American policies, to view and criticize them in their totality. Since the plight of bloggers makes for far better copy than the plight of human rights campaigners, some observers might mistakenly believe that the U. Unfortunately, virtually nothing about the current situation suggests that American foreign policy can muster enough decency and idealism to erect this new shiny pillar of Internet freedom; in its current incorporation, the Internet freedom agenda looks more like a marketing ploy. And the stronger such beliefs, the more challenging it would be for liberals to keep the Internet unregulated and hope that gradually it will help foster a strong demand for democ racy. This is hardly the kind of change that American foreign policy needs in the age of Obama. Such cyber-jingoism is poised to backre, however, on American companies, which have been export ing Internet freedom, perhaps in its weakest form, for years. Open Networks, Narrow Minds 235 Before all this talk about Internet freedom began in earnest, no po litical leader would think of Twitter users as a serious political force to contend with. They were seen as just a bunch of bored hipsters, who had an irresistible urge to share their breakfast plans. Suddenly, almost overnight, these tweeting bohemians became the Che Guevaras of the Internet. And which dictator, we might ask, wants a battalion of iPad armed revolutionaries drifting through his sushi bars in search of fellow conspirators There is nothing to celebrate here: Seemingly innocuous digital spaces that may have otherwise been left free of government supervision are now watched with more rigor and intensity than antigovernment gatherings in physical spaces. State Department organizes for Silicon Valley executives (so far, they have taken such trips to India, Iraq, Mexico, Syria, and Rus sia), many authoritarian governments are beginning to feel uneasy, even 236 the Net Delusion though most of the Internet activities pursued by their citizens are still as silly as they used to be. When it comes to such sensitive services as email, this is not an entirely irrational reaction.

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The troubling development is when video is rendered synonymous with ethnography via a rendering of observation as synonymous with ethnography medicine 7767 purchase 10 mg arava with mastercard. This rendering in turn produces analytically anemic accounts that can pose a danger to the perceived value of ethnography (Wasson, 2000). As has been said before, can we imagine the potential ramications if quantitative research were rendered synonymous with graphs and tables or, perhaps even worse, with spreadsheets of data Creating consumer documentaries for corporate clients 373 the concern in this chapter, however, is not to take on the issues which involve profound misinterpretations or misuses of ethnography, but rather to consider the conundrums that notions of entertainment bring to the inclusion and reception of video in ethnographic (re)presentations, even when the epistemological underpinnings of ethnography are com prehended and utilized in all their grandeur. My point is that we are positioned at a rocky crag in our (re)presentational choices. Video is culturally inected in a way that foregrounds its value as entertainment, not its value to inform, and thus can be devalued as a medium of information (Belk and Kozinets, 2005a, 2005b). Yet there is also little question that the visual image is a power ful means to transmit and represent ethnographic data (Belk, 1998; Hockings, 2003; Holbrook, 1998; Ruby, 2000; Schroeder, 1998; Taylor, 1994; Penaloza and Cayla, and others, this volume). And if we are going to achieve phenomenological and sensual under standings, we need to nd ways that let us feel cultural issues, ways that allow cultural issues to resonate (Behar, 1999; Joy and Sherry, 2003; Sherry and Schouten, 2002; Stoller, 1997). As communicators of ethnographic research, a strength and opportunity we now have lies in the access to the production and dissemination of visual imagery. The one photograph does not tell the whole story, nor does it provide the analysis, but it can suciently aid the everyday writer in commu nicating the details, the feelings, the context, the place, the point. Going beyond still photography, moving imagery allows us the possibilities of narra tive ow and storytelling. The value of narrative and stories for uncovering and commu nicating crucial symbolic meanings has been clearly recognized by consumer research scholars (see chapters in this volume). There is also no question that memorable exam ples, whether in the form of mnemonics, metaphors or movies, generally help us to remember information. But when it comes to the incorporation of imagery, and especially moving imagery into our (re)presentations, we end up on rocky, dicult terrain. We need also, despite, or perhaps precisely because of, the larger enveloping cultural context of an experience/entertainment economy (Pine, 1999; Wolf, 1999), to overcome the vesti gial dualism of entertainment v. In edu cational circles we have been entreated to act upon the dictum that, if learning is not fun, students will not learn. The stories that follow invite you to think about the dualism of entertainment and information as it is occurs in the (re)presentation of ethnographic research to corporate clients via video. Again this is not the only issue that could or should be discussed regard ing the use of video in corporate consumer research. Then, at strategic points, we show edited video clips which are generally ve to 15 minutes in duration. When we do make the switch, people tend to sit back in their chairs and even smile a bit in anticipation. If notes were being taken by pen or into the laptop while we were talking, this tends to stop. To say that we have never seen a client take notes on some aspect of the action occurring in a video involves only a tiny bit of exaggeration. The dierence is due to the pragmatics of the communicative frame (Goman, 1974; Hymes, 1964; Silverstein, 2004). It is a frame learned from the cultural space of moving imagery in our lives: movies and television programs are a dominant form of entertainment in everyday life. Advertising, a prime user of moving imagery, also often foregrounds entertainment. Or it can be seen as the time to make a run out of the con ference room for a bathroom break. It is the time when audience members will lean toward each other and have animated short side conversations with those sitting next to them. Individuals working in corporate worlds frequently live with multiple commitments and extraordi nary time pressures. Any kind of a break in an event can be seen as time to check up on things, to answer a message, to get something done. Another contribution to the prolifer ations of side conversations at that moment could be that we, the presenters/the lecturers, move to the side of the room. In other words, the speaker has given up the oor and thus it is a chance for others to speak. It is a cultural convention that it is rude to have a private, side conversation while someone else is talking to an assembled group (unless, of course, one cannot be seen or heard by the speaker). Audience members were perhaps being thoughtful in waiting for us to nish speaking before talking to each other. But it would also seem that audience members are following learned and practiced behavior from (past) television viewing. While I started with the rubric of movies as a useful rhetorical device, it truly is television that we need to be thinking about. With the advent of mobile, individual, digital technologies, the cultural conventions for group face-to-face meetings are in ux; attending to calls, messages or interacting with information stored on a personal device is, in fact, generally becoming more commonplace (Jordan, 2005). We do see evidence of this in the corporate conference rooms before the video goes on as well, but what does not seem to have changed is the relative relationship. Most import antly, we invest our analytic heads and hearts, not to mention time, blood and sweat, in the videos. We see these as productions that illustrate the analytic issues we are trying to make. We rely on the videotape to show cultural and behavioral complexity, in a way we feel we never could with PowerPoint documents lled with bullet points and photographs and accompanied by speech, or even interpretive dance (as one favorite client has quipped should be our next move). Yet this common reaction to video segments has provided the space for one of our partners who is slightly less enamored of video (and probably also tired of my admonitions to pay attention to lighting, audio and editing needs) to exact joking revenge.

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The evidence showed that those who endorse more acute/chronic timelines 4 medications buy arava visa, fewer psychological causes (causal attributions), more severe consequences of the disease and its treatment, and have a better understanding of the illnesses (illness coherence), exhibit more positive attitudes towards health behaviours uerias and Alves 2007). This suggests that illness representations may influence health-related behaviours in healthy individuals, independent of the illness experience. Illness perceptions also appear to be precursors of screening behaviour (de Castro et al. This is consistent with previous research on mammography utilization, which suggests that emotional responses and distress can influence mammography behaviour in a reverse fashion (Decruyenaere et al. This positive association has been previously reported in other studies (Adachi et al. Moreover, knowledge about recommended frequency of mammography screening also emerged as a significant predictor of repeat mammography screening. However, the other illness representation dimensions (consequences, cyclical timeline, treatment control, personal control, and illness coherence) did not significantly predict mammography use in the Greek study (Anagnostopoulos et al. Key limitations of this study are that the causal (obtained low reliability) and identity subscales and the components of coping behaviours representations were excluded (Hagger and Orbell 2003). In a meta-analysis of 45 empirical studies to examine the intercorrelations between illness representations dimensions, coping strategies and health outcomes, Hagger and Orbell (2003) revealed that the correlations between illness representation dimensions and the coping behaviours are of low-to-moderate magnitude. Explanations for these findings may be that coping behaviours may only mediate the impact of illness representations on health outcomes or that illness representations focus on the beliefs of the illness rather than coping with the behaviour, which may, in turn, consist of a different set of dimensions. While stage models use similar concepts to social cognition models, they are fundamentally different in structure as they organize concepts in a different way (Weinstein et al. For example, women are more likely to be in the later stage of mammography use if they perceive more pros than cons towards mammography. Hence, stage models and social 50 cognition models share some concepts, though the former suggest the stages of behaviour change and the latter emphasize that behaviour change is a continuous process (Zhang 2014). The first three stages are defined in terms of current intentions and past behaviour: (1) precontemplation (where individuals lack awareness of health problems with no intention for behavioural change), (2) contemplation (where individuals begin to consider behaviour change possibly caused by the unhealthy behaviour and increased perceived susceptibility), and (3) preparation (where individuals plan to change behaviour). In spite of having a strong intention to change their behaviour in this stage, individuals may vary in their confidence in implementing behaviour change. Limitations of the Transtheoretical Model While there is a large body of evidence to support the model (Spencer et al. Further consideration should be given to the notion that behaviour change involves progression through a series of qualitative, sequential stages. As discussed earlier, social cognition models have been adopted to understand the determinants of mammography behaviour and behaviour change. Such models assume that personal choices and behaviour result from the analyses of benefits and costs of the possible consequences of courses of action (Conner and Norman 2005). Individuals generally prefer to choose the ideal behaviour with the combination of the highest probable outcome and the best expected value (Zhang 2014). Perceived benefits and barriers have been demonstrated to be significant predictors of mammography screening. However, Sheeran (2002) found that among those with positive intentions to perform cancer screening, 47% of participants did not implement the behaviour. Therefore, it is essential for this study to explore the cues that would facilitate Maltese women converting intentions to attend mammography screening into tangible utilisation. Related to this is the increasing interest in models of self-regulation, whereby conscious personal management involves the process of guiding individual thoughts, behaviours and feelings to enact the behaviour. Although it was not possible to cover all theory combinations and applications, studies have acknowledged the strengths of individual theories by adding more or innovative constructs or embedding theoretical approaches within other broader frameworks. However, it is important to understand the limitations surrounding theories, for example, abstraction from context, focus on cognition rather than the progression by which behaviour might change or through which interventions can effect change. The following chapter provides the methodology, which guided the research questions in this thesis. While each study is briefly introduced, the detailed methods used for each study are presented in subsequent chapters. The purpose of this chapter is to describe the overarching framework to the entire research. Effective decision-making at each step of the intervention development process is guided by the input from priority population members (Drum et al. Chapter 5, evidence-based effective at increasing mammography effectiveness of interventions to review of interventions Study 6. To discuss delivery, design, cultural fit, implementation fit and plan adaptations with field experts. Chapter 8, suggestions depth interviews with Study 7 from targeted non-attendees users. A mixed methods approach was used in the design of this research to provide a basis for triangulation as the source of conceptualising a problem in different ways (Spratt et al. A mixed methods design was chosen to strengthen the reliability of data, validity of the findings and recommendations, and to deepen the understanding of the processes through which outcomes and impacts are achieved, and how these are affected by the context within which the intervention is implemented (Bamberger 2012). Mixed methodology goes beyond the limitations of a single approach as it can capitalise on the strengths of both quantitative and qualitative methods and offset their different weaknesses (Creswell and Garrett 2008). Distinct differences between qualitative and quantitative research approaches exist. Their primary differences are related to their research orientation and data analysis. Quantitative research is generally used to quantify a problem and seeks to test hypotheses by generating numerical values or data that can be analysed through statistical techniques (Carson et al. While quantitative data is more efficient to test hypotheses, it may miss contextual detail. This allows qualitative researchers to understand why and how people make decisions rather than just what, where and when. Naturalistic verbal reports are collated, such as from written accounts or interview transcripts, and data are analysed within textural contexts (Stuckey 2014). Therefore, quantitative research tends to focus on exploring what is measurable, while qualitative research tends to focus on the interpretation of the problem. Responses do not affect or determine subsequent questions as scales are used to rate particular questions. Hence, researchers are considered to be insiders in qualitative research rather than outsiders as in quantitative research (Denzin and Lincoln 2000). Qualitative research is often criticised for lacking scientific rigour in terms of reliability, validity and generalizability (Noble and Smith 2015) with poor justification of the methods used, lack of transparency in the analytical procedures and the findings being merely a collection of personal opinions subject to researcher bias (Rolfe 2006). Nonetheless, the criteria of reliability and validity that apply to quantitative research are not suitable for qualitative methods (Yardley 2008). For example, women may give different descriptions of the severity of mammography pain when questioned by different people, such as family members or health professionals. This suggests that people may produce diverse replies to the same subject in different contexts. Some researchers argue that it is the pragmatic nature of mixed methods that enables this method to achieve multiple goals, such as explanation, confirmation and triangulation in explaining complex social constructs (Caruth 2013; Teddlie and Tashakkori 2012). Hence, a mixed methods design was employed in this research to obtain both breadth and depth about the topic under investigation, and to identify relationships between variables and the meanings of specific social phenomena, as these will be determined and explored for the first time. The quantitative instrument, a survey questionnaire, was translated by four expert translators and adapted by a panel of twelve experts to ascertain content validity and clinically meaningful content.

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The effectiveness of the "accelerated action" is controversial because there are excellent pianos without this feature in which case the acceleration is entirely controlled by the pianist symptoms 9 days past iui order 20mg arava overnight delivery. Obviously, it is more important for the pianist to control this acceleration than to depend on the piano. Nonetheless, this factor might explain the overwhelming preference of concert pianists for Steinways. Adding accelerator features to digitals should be trivial, but may be meaningless because there is no hammer shank ex effect. Fast exor muscles must be developed for the downstroke, as well as rapid relaxation after the downstroke. The hold component holds the hammer still using the backcheck [item 26 in (81) Grand Piano Action Diagram ] to accurately control the note duration, which means that the pianist must maintain a downward force during the hold. Without the hold, the hammer can op around and cause problems with repeated notes, trills, etc. Beginners will have difficulty with making quick transitions from the downstroke to a relaxed hold. Do not push down on the key during the hold in an attempt to "push deeply into the piano", because this will result in stress, pain, and even injury. Although you may not press down rmly as a beginner, a student can end up pressing with incredible force after years of this bad habit. Gravity is sufficient to keep the key down and hold the hammer still with the backcheck. The length of the hold is what controls color and expression; therefore it is an important part of playing musically, and may be the most difficult component to control. If the damper is not returned rapidly, it will make a buzzing sound with the vibrating string. Especially when playing fast, many students forget about the lift entirely, resulting in sloppy play. If you had never practiced these components before, start practice with ngers 1-5, C to G, C major scale, and apply the components to each nger. To exercise the extensor muscles, exaggerate the quick lift stroke; practice rapid lifts with immediate relaxation, not an isometric high lift and hold. With a minimum of practice, it quickly becomes an automatic part of how you play everything, because you will hear the difference in the music. The basic keystroke is another justication for the slow gradual approach to pianism used by many piano schools such as the arm weight, Alexander, and Feldenkrais schools. As you speed up the down and lift strokes, starting at about one note per second, stress may start to build up; practice until the stress can be eliminated. Then gradually speed up to some comfortable speed at which you can still practice each component. What is so magical is that if practiced diligently, the basic keystroke will be automatically incorporated into your play when playing at regular speed. There is no need to worry about losing these motions because the difference is clear: the music will deteriorate if they are not properly executed. However, with practice, the music will come out better, with more control over the expression and the music. The performances will be consistent from day to day, and technique will progress more rapidly. Without a good basic keystroke, different pianos, or pianos that are not in good regulation, can become impossible to play because the hammer will op around uncontrollably. In the old schools of teaching, students were taught to execute correctly by striving for good touch and tone, without worrying about jacks or backchecks. Still, the basic keystroke must be practiced with digitals because it is part of good technique and it is clearly audible. The rst moments of a note contain a lot of "noise" so that overlapping notes are not that noticeable. Since legato is a habit that must be built into your playing, experiment with different amounts of overlap to see how much overlap gives the best legato for you. If you have already developed your own habit, it may be difficult to change; be prepared to work on this over a long time. Staccato: Astonishingly, most books on learning piano discuss staccato, but never dene it! In staccato, the hammer is bounced off the strings and the damper is returned immediately onto the strings so as to produce a brief sound with no sustain. Therefore, the "hold" component of the basic keystroke is missing and the hand is held above the keys after playing the note, not resting on the keys. In hard staccato, it is less than half way; in this way, the damper is returned to the strings faster, resulting in shorter note duration. Because the backcheck is not engaged, the hammer can "bounce around", making staccato repetitions tricky at certain speeds. In normal staccato, gravity quickly returns the damper onto the strings (grand pianos; in uprights, springs are used). In hard staccato, the damper is bounced off the damper top rail [(81) Grand Piano Action Diagram, click on more detailed diagram link at bottom], so that it returns even more quickly. At string contact, the hammer shank ex can be negative, which makes the effective mass of the hammer lighter; thus a considerable variety of tones can be produced with staccato. Therefore, the motions of the hammer, backcheck, jack, and damper are all changed in staccato. Clearly, in order to play staccato well, it helps to understand how the piano works. Staccato can be divided into three types depending on how it is played: (i) nger staccato, (ii) wrist (or hand) staccato, and (iii) arm staccato which includes both up-down motion and arm rotation. As you progress from (i) to (iii), more mass is added behind the ngers; therefore, (i) gives the lightest, fastest staccato and is useful for fast, soft notes, and (iii) gives the heaviest feeling and is useful for loud passages and chords with many notes, but is also the slowest. Since the wrist and arm are slower (heavier), their amplitudes must be correspondingly reduced in order to play faster staccato. Some teachers frown on the use of wrist staccato, preferring mostly nger staccato because of its speed or arm staccato for its power; however, it is better to have a choice (or combination) of all three. For example, you might be able to reduce fatigue by changing from one to the other, although the standard method of reducing fatigue is to change ngers. When practicing staccato, practice the three (nger, wrist, arm) staccatos separately before deciding on which one to use, or how to combine them. What are they, how do they form, how many are there, and how do you eliminate them The next weapon is segmental practice because the shorter a segment, the faster you can play it without problems. Quiet hands is also helpful because you generally can not play quiet hands unless you have the technique [(24) Quiet Hands & Fingers]. Any method for increasing the efficiency of motion helps; thus mixing at nger and curled positions, keeping the ngers on the keys, and the various hand motions such as glissando, cartwheel, arm rotation, wrist motion, etc. Many teaching methods have evolved to avoid this problem by slowing down the learning process. The best solution is to use the learning tricks of this 30 book that achieve the objectives without doing anything impossible. Develop a habit of using the metronome and your playing will undoubtedly improve; all serious students must have a metronome. I have been repeatedly surprised by the errors I discover, even after I "nish" a piece. For example, I tend to slow down at difficult sections and speed up at easy ones, although I think it is actually the opposite when playing without the metronome. Long practice sessions with the metronome accompanying you are the most common abuses. When the metronome is used for more than about 10 minutes continually, the mind will rebel against the enforced repetition and start to play mental tricks so that you lose the timing accuracy.

Syndromes

• Severe pain in the throat
• Low-back pain such as sciatica
• Reactions to medications
• Abnormal heart rhythms (arrhythmias)
• Arsenic
• Do not allow older infants to crawl or walk around in the kitchen while adults or older siblings are cooking. Block the kitchen off with a gate or place the infant in a playpen, highchair, or crib while others cook.
• CT scan of the head with contrast dye
• 18 months
• Headaches

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Rabies Herpes simplex encephalitis Lymphocytic choriomeningitis Creutzfeldt Jakob disease 15) X-ray finding of ostemyelitis within 8 day is: One answer only. Epiphyseal widening Metaphyseal porosis Metapyseal infarction Pelkan spur 17) Splaying and cupping of the metaphysis is seen in: One answer only. Valvulae conniventes Haustrations Luminal gas Vascular network 19) the intensity of colour in Doppler is determined by: One answer only. Direction flow Velocity of flow Strength of returning echo None of the above 20) Piezoelectric cystals are made use of in: One answer only. Small cell Ca of lung Testicular Ca Ca breast Ca stomach 23) Ultrasonography of umbilical artery is done to know about: One answer only. Heart beat Gastational age Fetal weight Fetal maturity 24) Lytic lesion in skull are seen in following except: One answer only. Skiogram chest reveals single rounded opacity with no fluid level in Right mid zone. At the time of diagnosis years after diagnosis At diagnosis and years after diagnosis At years 12) Corneal epithelium is composed of: One answer only. Unilateral loss of sweating Enophthalmos Mydriasis Ptosis 15) Cobble stone appearance is seen in: One answer only. Blunt injury Penetrating injury Sympathetic ophthalmia Congenital glaucoma 22) Treatment of congenital cataract is: One answer only. Obturator hernia 3) Gastric acid output is influenced by all teh following homones except One answer only. Chronic active hepatitis 8) Which of the follwing is a loop diuretic One answer only. Necrotic inflammatin with maggots in ear 8) Call-exner bodies are seen in One answer only. Has familial occurrence 7) Which is true of thyroid ca: Choose 2 of the following options. Posterior capsular lenticular opacity seen 12) A patient presents with history of weaknes and pallor. Facial Lingual Maxillary Ascending pharyngeal 9) In myocardial infarction there is radiation of pain along the left upper limb. Optic canal Superior orbita fissure Inferior orbital fissure foramen magnum 11) the fundus of gall-bladder is in the angle between lateral border of right recius abdominis and which costal cartilage Glossoopharyngeal Facial Vagus Hypoglossal 13) Loss of sensations from posterior one-third of tongue occurs in lesions of which nerve Posterior intercostal artery Subcostal artery Left subclavian artery Left bronchial artery 15) Stapedius muscle is supplied by which of the following nerves: One answer only. Medial lemniscus Trigeminal nucleus Pyramidal tract Spinal tract of trigeminal 17) the quadrilateral space is bounded by the following structures except: One answer only. Deltoid Surgical neck of humerus Long head of triceps Teres major 18) Facial nerve has all the following components except: One answer only. Medial circumflex artery Lateral circumflex artery Profunda femoris artery Obturator artery Ext. Present until 3rd & 4th decade Eccentric Prominent sclerotic margin Histologically giant cell with areolar tissue Metaphyseal lesion 3) Bone forming tumors are: Choose 3 of the following options. Paraesthesia of the lateral 2 fingers Atropy of the thenar eminence Atropy of the hypothenar eminence Claw hand Tinel sign is positive. Medially Laterally Posteriorly Rotationally Anteriorly 6) Avascular vecrosis is seen in: Choose 2 of the following options. Sickle cell disease Thalassemia Polycytheinia Hyperparathyroidism 7) Chordoma commonly involves: Choose 3 of the following options. Upper tibia Lower tibia distal femur Proximal femur Patella 11) Seen in B/L congenital hip dislocation is/are: Choose 3 of the following options. Short Strature Wandering acetabulum Waddling gait Lumbar lordosis 12) Trendelenberg test is done for: Choose 2 of the following options. Osteosarcoma Ewings sarcoma Osteoclastoma Osteochondroma 22) Progressive stiffening of a joint is seen in: One answer only. Some infection is harmless Aim is to get good occlusion Open reduction is better Always do wiring 2) Pain along hip, back of thigh and loss of sensation along the lateral border of foot and decreased ankle jerk, site of lesion is: One answer only. L4-5 K5-S1 L3 L1-T12 Metacarpals 3) Carpal tunnel syndrome, all are seen except: One answer only. Forward displacement of condyle Rx is downward and backward push Causes pain None of the above. Subcondylar part Coronoid process Angle Neck of condyle 6) Definitive diagnosis for blow out # of orbit is by: One answer only. Nails Fixation plates External fixators Tension band wiring Intramedullary fixators 15) All are common with elbow dislocation except: One answer only. Chronic osteomyelitis in children Osteomyelitis of jaw in children Infantile cortical hyperostosis Renal osteodystrophy 18) X-ray in atlanto-axial dislocation should be taken in which position: One answer only. Small femoral head Shallow acetabulum Short neck of femur Rotation of femur 20) Usual site of Tubercular bursitis: One answer only. Prepatelar Subdeltoid subpatellar Trochanteric None 21) All are the predisposing factors of osteogenic sarcome except: One answer only. Supracondylar # Lateral condylar # Olecranon # Intercondylar # Distal radio-unlar dislocation 24) Which of the following is true regarding rickets: Choose 2 of the following options. Proline Tryptophan Phenylalanine cystiene 3) the long chain fatty acids are transmitted across the inner membrane of mitochondria by: One answer only. Acyl carrier protein carnitine Glycoprotein None of the above 4) Restriction endonuclease is used in: One answer only. Low molecular weight triglycerides cholesterol High molecular weight triglycerides Chylomicrons. Polar bond Nonpolar bond Lonic bond Coordination linkages 24) Which one of the enzyme deficiency is correctly paired Superior cerebral artery 7) Dietary triglycerides are transported by One answer only. Atabusin 11) What is the cause of hyperurecemia and gout in glucose 6 phosphatase deficiency One answer only. Impaired degradation of free radicals 12) Most common site of Lentigomaligna is One answer only.

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Alternative explanations are often critical to legal arguments in criminal trials medications quit smoking order online arava. Proper scientific reasoning entails setting up two (or more) hypotheses and presenting the probabilities for both. More to the point, we need to compare the probability of a match given that the subject is guilty with the probability of a match given that the subject is innocent. Or we could compare the probability that the subject is innocent given the data, versus the probability that the subject is guilty given the data. Without these pieces of information, it is impossible to decide the case fairly or accurately. The victim failed to pick him out of a lineup, and in court said that Adams did not look like her assailant. In addition, Adams had an alibi for the night in question, which was corroborated by testimony from a third party. A 2015 story in the New York Times described a mysterious formation on the ground in Kazakhstan that could be seen only from space. The largest, near a Neolithic settlement, is a giant square of 101 raised mounds, its opposite corners connected by a diagonal cross, covering more terrain than the Great Pyramid of Cheops. Another is a kind of three-limbed swastika, its arms ending in zigzags bent counterclockwise. Setting aside the rather obvious fact than any civilization capable of interstellar flight must have had a more efficient communication technology at their disposal than arranging large mounds of dirt on the ground, an alternative explanation exists. Dey, 44, said in an interview from his hometown, Kostanay, dismissing outlandish speculations involving aliens and Nazis. That is, one group of people was given Mozart to listen to , and one group of people was given nothing to do. And because just the belief that you might get better can lead to health improvements, you have to give the control group something that enables that belief as much as the medicine under study. Hence the well-known placebo, a pill that is made to look exactly like the miracle headache drug so that no one knows who is receiving what until after the experiment is over. Malcolm Gladwell spread an invalid conclusion in his book David and Goliath by suggesting that people with dyslexia might actually have an advantage in life, leading many parents to believe that their dyslexic children should not receive the educational remedies they need. How much more productive and creative might she have been with a regular sleep schedule One was raised as a Roman Catholic who joined the Hitler Youth, the other as a Jew. They were reunited twenty-one years later and discovered a bizarre list of similar behaviors that many fascinated people could only attribute to genetics: Both twins scratched their heads with their ring finger, both thought it was funny to sneak up on strangers and sneeze loudly. Both men wore short, neatly trimmed mustaches and rectangular wire rimmed glasses, rounded at the corner. Both loved butter and spicy food, flushed the toilet before and after using it, and read the endings of books first. Stories like this may cause you to wonder about how our behaviors are influenced by our genes. A social psychologist might say that the world tends to treat people who look alike in similar ways. The attractive are treated differently from the unattractive, the tall differently from the short. A statistician or behavioral geneticist would say that of the thousands upon thousands of things that we do, it is likely that any two strangers will share some striking similarities in dress, grooming, penchant for practical jokes, or odd proclivities if you just look long enough and hard enough. It may be that genetics plays a role here, but probably not as large a role as we might think. Cherry-picking Our brains are built to make stories as they take in the vastness of the world with billions of events happening every second. Say you have a pet hypothesis, for example, that too much Vitamin D causes malaise; you may well find evidence to support that view. This occurs when the information you have access to is unrepresentative of the whole. Wealthier people usually occupy houses away from the noise, so the people who are left living near the tracks tend to have lower income. If all you know of a city is who lives near the tracks, you are not seeing the entire city.

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Suggested segments are: bars 1-4 treatment 4 burns arava 10 mg visa, 5-6, 1st half of 7, 2nd half of 7, then 8, 10 (skip 9 which is the same as 5), 11, 12, 13-14, 15-16, 19-20, 21-22, 30-32, 33-34, then 2 chords in 35. If you cannot reach the 2nd chord, play it as a very fast ascending broken chord, with emphasis on the top note. One difficulty in bar 7 is that the 4th nger must be lifted quickly so as to be able to play the ensuing 5 and 3 without the 4 inadvertently hitting a note. With nger 4, do not try to lift it because that is a slow motion that will cause stress; instead, ick it out straight into the at nger position, a faster motion. Many pianists (including famous ones like Horowitz) developed a bad habit of completely curling ngers 4 and/or 5 to prevent them from hitting keys inadvertently. It is better to cultivate the habit of stretching them out into the at nger position. Cartwheeling is useful for small hands because it expands the reach and makes it easier to relax because there is less need to keep the ngers spread widely apart. For the rising arpeggio in bar 7, use the thumb over method; it is too fast for thumb under. If all the notes are played accurately, the audience hears a note frequency equivalent to 24 notes per second, because this frequency corresponds to the smallest time interval between notes. But wait, not all of the 12 notes are present; there are only 7, so 5 notes are missing. The acceleration of a factor of 3 and the extra pattern are mysterious effects that the audience can feel but they have no idea what created them, or that they even exist. Mechanisms that affect the audience without their knowledge (such as magic tricks) produce more dramatic effects than ones that are easily understood (such as loud, legato, or rubato). The great composers have invented an incredible number of these hidden mechanisms. Musicians are actually just magicians, but can claim to have special talents because of widespread historical beliefs. Since almost the whole composition is made up of things like the segment you just practiced, it pays to practice this well, until you are very comfortable and accurate. As you slow down, you will be able to take note of where all the notes t with respect to each other. If you learn it by slowing it down, you will have to go through the same time-consuming procedure with every different polyrhythm and every change of ngering. This ensures all notes, from the two hands that fall on the same beat, to be played accurately together. Also, for students having difficulty with the 3-4 timing, this simplication will allow play at any speed with the difficulty removed. By rst increasing the speed in this way, it will be easier to pick up the polyrhythm. If you are learning this piece for the rst time, the 3X polyrhythm frequency may not be audible initially because of lack of accuracy. Thus the piece can be made to sound faster by slowing down and increasing the accuracy. The missing note is then restored in bar 11, thus doubling the "pattern" repeat rate, giving the impression of a sudden acceleration. This Allegro section is based on the illusion of hyper speed, without actually playing faster, using polyrhythm and rhythmic acceleration. The whole cycle is then repeated, this time with added elements that heighten the climax until it ends in the crashing descending broken chords. However, if you play faster than Allegro, the 3x4 multiplication effect disappears. Above about 20 Hz, repetitions begin to take on the properties of sound to the human ear. Here is the big surprise: there is evidence that Chopin heard this sound threshold! On the metronome, Allegro corresponds to a 3X speed of 10 to 20 Hz, the right frequency to hear the multiplication, just below the "sound threshold". When this fast section returns after the Moderato section, it is labeled Presto, corresponding to 30 to 40 Hz he wanted us to play it below and above the sound threshold! Therefore, there is mathematical evidence suggesting that Chopin knew about this threshold. What is certain is that the multiplication effect disappears, and there is little doubt that Chopin heard that. Many pianists play the rst section too fast, above the sound threshold, which we now know is a mistake because that is not what Chopin intended. It would be an interesting experiment to program a computer to play this piece with sufficient accuracy produce both the 3X and "low frequency sound" effects. The Moderato section is the same thing repeated four times with increasing complexity. Therefore, learn the rst repetition rst because it is the easiest, which makes it easier to learn the other three. Then learn the 4th repetition because it is the most difficult and will require the most practice time. Notice that the 4, 3 polyrhythm is now replaced by a 2, 3 polyrhythm played much more slowly. It is used for a different effect, to soften the music and to enable a freer, tempo rubato. The trill in the 1st bar of the 4th repetition, combined with the 2, 3 timing, makes the 2nd half of this bar difficult. Since there are 4 repetitions, you might play it without the trill in the rst repetition, then an inverted mordent the 2nd, a short trill the 3rd, and a longer trill the last time around. The Presto part is similar to the rst except that it is played faster, resulting in a totally different effect, and the ending (from bar 46) is different. If you look throughout this piece, you will see that the G# occupies all the important positions. This G# is another one of those devices in which a great composer is repeatedly "hitting the audience on the head with a two-by-four (G#)", but the audience has no idea what hit them. Thus the emotional climax of this piece comes at the end when both hands play the same G# (bars 8 and 7 from the end). When you are satised with all technical aspects, insert the pedal; it should be cut with every chord change which occurs either once per bar or twice per bar. The pedal is a rapid up and down ("cutting the sound") motion at the rst beat, but you can lift the pedal earlier for special effects. Thus his music contains the densest examples of these principles/structures and has the lowest risk of giving us misleading clues because they are extreme. For the casual listener who is not analyzing his music, these principles are invisible, which amplies their effectiveness because they mysteriously control the audience without their knowledge. Part of deep music is the use of principles that control the audience without their knowledge, the magic in music. Without a proper understanding of music, it is too easy to deduce "musical laws" that are incorrect. Some evidence points to the conventional pedaling as the one Beethoven had in mind (Chapman). Thus, the conventional interpretation of "senza sordini" was that it was a short-hand way for Beethoven to say that the pedal should be used throughout, but can be lifted judiciously as needed. Use "conventional" pedaling when you want to play a clear, harmonious Moonlight that most audiences expect. Concentrate on bringing out the harmonies and de-emphasize the dissonances, such as the jarring ninths. The increasingly accepted view is that "senza sordini" should be taken literally and points out its wonderful consequences (below). Beethoven always indicated his expression markings with the greatest care; everything he wrote down was there for a very good reason. It produces a constant, dissonant, background "roar", which not only creates an ominous, ever present, sadness, but also a stark contrast against the beautiful harmonies of the piece. This particular use of the pedal is an invention by Beethoven, and represents an unique innovation in the universe of piano music, at a time when the pedal was not even considered a serious musical invention. It was enabled for the rst time by the sonority of the new pianos of that time, and Beethoven took full advantage of it.

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For some people it means a source of joy treatment zenker diverticulum cheap arava 10mg with amex, benefits, or advantages, whereas for others it is a source of suffering, stress, and disadvantages (Bouckenooghe, 2010). According to our knowledge, the first scholarly article on attitudes toward change appeared in the late 1940s and it addressed ways to overcome resistance toward change (Bouckenooghe, 2010). In 1957, about a decade later, Jacobson devised the more positive term readiness for change (Bouckenooghe, 2010). Readiness for change is considered and used as the dependent variable in both conceptual and empirical studies. It has been defined in the literature as to break down existing structures of an organization and create new ones (Shah & Ghulam Sarwar Shah, 2010). When an organization want change it overhauls its systems and procedures completely or partially. A change is an alteration of an organization between two points in time (Barnett & Carroll, 1995). A change in the organization may create anxiety uncertainty, and ambiguity in employees because each employee has different life experiences, motivational levels, knowledge, attitudes, socio-demographic characteristics, and behavioral patterns (Shah & Ghulam Sarwar Shah, 2010). A Change in organization whether small or large affects employee attitudes and behaviors because of shifting from one stage to another (Shah & Ghulam Sarwar Shah, 2010). Readiness for change is considered as an important factor for successful change initiatives (Rafferty, Jimmieson, & Armenakis, 2013). Sufficient level of readiness is required for both before and during change implementation process to achieve a smooth transition (Choi & Ruona, 2011). On the other hand, when level of readiness is low then efforts to implement change face resistance (Prochaska, Redding, & Evers, 2015; Vakola, 2014). Bandura (1977) also states that self-efficacy is self-belief that one can perform a particular action on its own. Individuals having high self-efficacy will perform better in a particular task than individuals having low self-efficacy. Organizations cannot implement change if its employees have low or no self-efficacy for change implementation. Successful people have built-in self efficacy for the thing they are successful in and in the same way failure undermines self-efficacy (Bandura, 2010). When employees enjoys success at their workplace they try hard to make the difference for their organization. If a person has a high perceived self-efficacy he or she will set high challenging goals for itself (Bandura, 2010). People try to avoid task in which they think their efficacy is low while they go to perform task in which their efficacy is high. Wrongly perceived self-efficacy can lead to over estimation or over confidence and it can also causes havoc results. Bandura, A (1977) also states that a person may perform extraordinarily, adequately or poorly with the same knowledge and skills depending on the fluctuations in self-efficacy thinking. Collins (1982) performed experiment on children to know the relationship between self-efficacy and its contribution to performance. The children with higher level of self-efficacy performed better than children with low level of self-efficacy. Higher level of self-efficacy affects motivation positively while lower level of self-efficacy affects motivation level negatively. Organizational change implementation A Process by which organizations move from their one state to some other desired state to increase their effectiveness is known as organizational change (Rosenbaum, More, & Steane, 2018). To be competitive and their survival organizations continuously pressurized to adopt new technologies and procedures (Anyieni). Doing thing differently in order to catch up new changes in the organization environment is called change. A change of any type or in any part of the organization may affect the whole organization. Taking proactive change, it should necessarily be planned to get prepare the organization for future challenges. On the other hand a reactive change may be automatic response to a change taking place in the organization. A change is a structured approach to transforming individuals and teams of an organization from one state to another desired state. It has to be done to achieve maximum benefits for all the stakeholders of organization and to minimize risk and failures ("Literature Review On Organisational Change Management, " 2016). These are the set of rules and agreements of how to tackle the research problems and conducting the research (Creswell, 2003; Rahi, 2016a, 2016b). So these paradigms are basic research assumptions of how to carry on the research (Samar Rahi, 2017; Rahi, Ghani, & Alnaser, 2017; R. This study is at deductive level in its approach because we already have a theory generated by researchers and we are not inducting any new theory rather we are to testing a theory by collecting the fresh data from respondents and observe the findings by applying various statistical tests (Rahi, 2016a; Samar Rahi, 2017). Qualitative Method Qualitative method as the name suggests is related to some sort of quality and is used to collect the in-depth details on a particular research area (F Alnaser, Ghani, & Rahi, 2018; F. According to Ghani, Rahi, Yasin, and Alnaser (2017) explained that this approach is used when researcher wants to observe or interpret an environment with the intention to develop a theory. In this study we are not developing a new theory rather we are testing existing theory with some statistical tests so this method is not recommended for this study (F. Quantitative Method Quantitative method is a scientific technique which is used to identify results by using data quantitatively and its grounds can be identified in positivism (Grinnell Jr & Unrau, 2010; Samar Rahi, 2018; Rahi, Alnaser, & Ghani, 2019) and this approach is mostly used by the Positivists. Quantitative method has been applied for this study as the research has not been inducting new theory rather dealing and examining an existing theory by applying new statistical tools (Rahi & Abd. Research Design Research Strategy or design means that the collection and interpretation of data is in a systematic order and describing that data in the same order(Rahi, 2019; Rahi & Abd. So, for this particular research, author used the strategy for research which is illustrated below: First of all, an area of interest to research on was selected and accordingly a topic was chosen which needs to be studied in real. The topic was further purified according to the instruction of research supervisor. There were a number of studies that were conducted to check the impact of these variables but particularly organizational change implementation and moderating effect of Self-efficacy was not discussed in this context. After the collection of data, analysis was made on the collected data in accordance to the research question and objectives of the study which was followed by a discussion on the results which are produced from the data by applying statistical tests. Furthermore, results and findings of the study were presented on next level and suggestions and recommendations were made for the organization to made better efforts while implementing change in the organizations. In the end, list of complete references is also generated to reference the material that was discussed in the study. Population and sampling On whom people, items and/or organizations we want to apply our study and the results of the study is the population of the study (Samar Rahi, 2017; Rahi, 2019; Rahi, Abd.

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There have been similar media scares about alien abduction and repressed memories medicine klonopin cheap arava 10mg on-line. Perception of Risk We assume that newspaper space given to crime reporting is a measure of crime rate. Or that the amount of newspaper coverage given over to different causes of death correlates to risk. About five times more people die each year of stomach cancer than of unintentional drowning. But to take just one newspaper, the Sacramento Bee reported no stories about stomach cancer in 2014, but three on unintentional drownings. Cognitive psychologist Paul Slovic showed that people dramatically overweight the relative risks of things that receive media attention. And part of the calculus for whether something receives media attention is whether or not it makes a good story. Misunderstandings of risk can lead us to ignore or discount evidence we could use to protect ourselves. Using this principle of misunderstood risk, unscrupulous or simply uninformed amateur statisticians with a media platform can easily bamboozle us into believing many things that are not so. Perhaps something about our modern lifestyle with healthless junk food, radiation-emitting cell phones, carcinogenic cleaning products, and radiation coming through a hole in the ozone layer is suspect. Before you panic, recognize that this figure represents all kinds of cancer, including slow-moving ones like prostate cancer, melanomas that are easily removed, etc. What the headline ignores is that, thanks to advances in medicine, people are living longer. Heart disease is better controlled than ever and deaths from respiratory diseases have decreased dramatically in the last twenty-five years. It could be a broken axle, a bad collision, a faulty transmission, or an engine failure, but it has to be something. Persuasion by Association If you want to snow people with counterknowledge, one effective technique is to get a whole bunch of verifiable facts right and then add only one or two that are untrue. The ones you get right will have the ring of truth to them, and those intrepid Web explorers who seek to verify them will be successful. So you just add one or two untruths to make your point and many people will haplessly go along with you. You persuade by associating bogus facts or counterknowledge with actual facts and actual knowledge. You can only be sure that the quality of your drinking water is high if you buy bottled water. Leading health researchers recommend drinking bottled water, and the majority drink bottled water themselves. The fact is that bottled water is at best no safer or healthier than most tap water in developed countries, and in some cases less safe because of laxer regulations. This is based on reports by a variety of reputable sources, including the Natural Resources Defense Council, the Mayo Clinic, Consumer Reports, and a number of reports in peer-reviewed journals. In New York City; Montreal; Flint, Michigan; and many other older cities, the municipal water supply is carried by lead pipes and the lead can leech into the tap water and cause lead poisoning. Periodic treatment-plant problems have caused city governments to impose a temporary advisory on tap water. And when traveling in Third World countries, where regulation and sanitation standards are lower, bottled water may be the best bet. The argument of pseudo-scientific health advocates as typified by the above does not, er, hold water. Without its development and practice in cities like Florence, Bologna, Gottingen, Paris, London, and Edinburgh, to name just a handful of great centers of learning, science may not have come to shape our culture, industry, and greatest ambitions as it has. This makes it worth taking a close look behind the curtain to better see how it does what it does. That includes seeing how our imperfect human brains, those of even the most rigorous thinkers, can fool themselves. In the most extreme cases, they report data that were never collected from experiments that were never conducted. They get away with it because fraud is relatively rare among researchers and so peer reviewers are not on their guard. In other cases, an investigator changes a few data points to make the data more closely reflect his or her pet hypotheses. In some cases, a researcher will manipulate the data or delete data according to established principles, but fail to report these moves, which makes interpretation and replication more difficult (and which borders on scientific misconduct). The search for proof, for certainty, drives science, but it also drives our sense of justice and all our judicial systems. The first is that science is neat and tidy, that scientists never disagree about anything. The second is that a single experiment tells us all we need to know about a phenomenon, that science moves forward in leaps and bounds after every experiment is published. Real science is replete with controversy, doubts, and debates about what we really know. Real scientific knowledge is gradually established through many replications and converging findings. Scientific knowledge comes from amassing large amounts of data from a large number of experiments, performed by multiple laboratories. Only when a critical mass of experiments has been completed are we in a position to regard the entire wall of data and draw any firm conclusions. Before scientists reach a consensus about something, there has usually been a meta-analysis, tying together the different pieces of evidence for or against a hypothesis. If the idea of a meta-analysis versus a single experiment reminds you of the selective windowing and small sample problems mentioned in Part Two, it should. A dozen experiments, conducted at different times and places, give you a better idea of how robust the phenomenon is.