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Although it helps that one gets European study credits for it as well erectile dysfunction treatment in uae discount malegra dxt 130mg overnight delivery, stll 110 111 Case Study Book Inspired by Cradle to Cradle Case Study Book Inspired by Cradle to Cradle it was an excitng project with the opportunity to present to the managers of the catering company. An analysis was performed of the current situaton focusing on the life cycle of the current products and their material safety. A design vision was made to represent the dream canteen and indicate what factors should be present in the fnal design. This vision is based on the Purpose of the redesign (the Why), the Environment, Benefts, Product type, Life cycle (Techno or Bio), Concerns, Challenges and Vision statement. Several concepts based on several working principles and diferent cycles (Techno-, besides the obvious ambiton for a sustainable product. So in retrospect we think as Bio cycle) were developed, selected and then were merged into the fnal design. Since we were dealing with a challenge regarding material use in a catering Since not all the team members were not completely familiar with the Cradle to environment, much of the focus laid on closing the material cycles either through the Cradle guidelines, a special document was made on the ‘stepping stones of C2C’. As previously mentoned this project was the result of an assignment to introduce the effect of working with Cradle to Cradle and apply the Cradle to Cradle design paradigm, although which partcular concepts of the C2C design paradigm and how was of course free for us to choose for this Although the assignment wasn’t strictly a research project, but more an educatonal assignment. And in the context of the assignment, we fnd that the C2C design exercise, it has led with most of our group contnuing with the things we learned paradigm is best suited regarding additonal topics like toxicity and biosphere cycle, during the assignment. This partcular point made the deepest impression on diferent standpoint to apply the C2C design paradigm in a practcal environment, our experience, that through Cradle to Cradle, you push yourself further and more there were a few points we think that could be improved on to ease and streamline Although the project was also our frst introducton with the Cradle to Cradle design creatvely to come up with solutons that really are solutons. This the frst stumbling block was perhaps more our own fault, being more used to the Results was temptng has it gave a hard numerical answer what the best soluton is, however eco-efciency design approach, was that we wanted to make a life-cycle analysis this is a error in the respectve of Cradle to Cradle design. Not only did we as a project to assess the current situaton of the canteen and its components. While actually a soluton that is the most optmal, but optmal itself with no faws or drawn backs. But as well, taking the feedback we were looking for something tangible and concrete to benchmark the current stronger case for Cradle to Cradle design. This undermined our confdence that the end results was really for fling the material cycles and using renewable energy in a pleasant atmosphere free of guilt. It is assumed that assignment demands, so we hope the material database will expand further and be all future food packaging is biodegradable so all the cutlery and cups should also be available for the intended use. Or otherwise a set of (Cradle to Cradle) guidelines to Other solutions biodegradable. Cutlery that would be reused over and over would be stolen from avoid major shortcomings in the materials propertes. If more natural material is needed to make the cutlery than nature All in all this recommendatons aren’t probably new or shocking, but we believe that project groups developed their solutons using diferent design strategies, so in provides the ‘circle’ is inconsistent in tme. The cutlery is therefore made from a removing these blocks would greatly improve the C2C design process, allowing for that sense, there are many alternatve solutons or variatons to the assignment material (pulp) that is pressed with a natural bound agency (shellac) that can be further improvement and more creatve solutons of the design itself challenge. But also within our project group there were multple solutons discussed used for a short period of tme and washed. Afer this, the cutlery can safely be and developed as well as a few alternatves presented to provide economic diversity. This prevents steeling of the cutlery but makes sure the whole content Partcularly a range of diferent materials had been discussed and although in our of the waste bin is biodegradable. Refectng back on the whole experience as a group, a lot was learned in the process on completng the assignment. The demands and restraints of the assignment and its environment forced us to think, create and work hard to reach a soluton that answered the call for a beter future and a beter canteen and faculty. Since no suitable material was available that would be truly sustainable in large quanttes, Name: ir. Santema are highly compostable and can be grown without competng for acres with known food crops, such as corn starch needed for ‘sustainable’ plastcs. Wever the report contains a deductve analysis of the world of materials in the views of the Ing. Then the project sets out to develop a material that meets the design criteria that were As an industrial design student I was growing tred of hearing people talk about chosen. Using sustainability and set out to prove that the existng companies were wrong by this material a product was designed to ft an existng market need. The product had to be used in a biological cycle, meaning opportunites for compostng had to demonstratng that truly sustainable products can be proftable. This lead to a packaging design for e-commerce parcels, which can be a downside in using one material or the other so I developed a material that could discarded in soil. Afer this fnding, the AlgaPak concept was devised as a pilot product for the material. The report also contains a business plan that deals with the University: Delf University of Technology, the Netherlands implementaton process and how to atain the business goals that were set to speed up the adopton of this new material. Inspired by the C2C approach I wanted to fnd real honesty in waste = food were most prominently used. Products that are made with C2C certfed resources have to be met with the effect of working with Cradle to Cradle I found that it takes an enormous breadth of knowledge to achieve C2C cycles in appropriate waste management circuits, but if that criterion is met it is an optmal this day. You need a multdisciplinary team to make progress in combinaton with an form of consumpton. To me, it showed one of the biggest faws in modern product planet’s capacity to provide resources. I set out to evaluate all biological materials that could ft in the biological cycle. Along with Victor Papanek’s Design for the Real World I would say it Results used structural qualites as selecton criteria. Other criteria were compostability and was the biggest infuence on me as a designer. The ‘puzzle’ was to fnd a material that could be produced in these large quanttes growth speed. Understanding how the world uses quickly were eliminated as they would ultmately compete with food crops as they the challenges while working with Cradle to Cradle resources on the largest scale and what the consequences truly were was the biggest compete for agricultural land. This also being one of the challenges of the algae-to-biofuel → Development of a new algae material suitable for packaging Time-frame industry I feel this may be resolved by other engineers in the future. It ofers clear guidelines as to how consumpton can happen while being of beneft to → Product design for packaging in a biological cycle the project was started in May 2009 as part of a graduaton project at the Delf University of Technology. It is also aimed at the broader role that the product designer can → Business plan for development of said packaging in a start-up approximately three months. Development of the material and design of the product and should play in this challenging day and age. On the one hand the research aimed at fnding answers to global consumpton and experts in the Netherlands. They helped me fnd diferent strains of algae that had the challenges for product design. Other solutions and new possibilites in the feld of sustainable, compostable materials. The reason for this was that the majority of compostable materials were not truly compostable. Next part was fnding a way to turn the plant mater into a material with which it Yes, I am sure nature has countless alternatve material sources that grow equally fast Compostability was measured in an industrial composter unit over a period of 90 was possible to make products. Turning it into a type of sheet material seemed most and also provide structural qualites as well. Specifcally in the area of cyanobacteria, days, rather than an average garden for instance. The algae I found made a sugary slime in their natural form to fend of infectons and other organisms. In the end, a similar substance was used to bind the algae strands Motivation together to form the base of the material; a rigid sheet. I just found it frustratng to hear about sustainable design and materials that (in my views) failed to meet the real challenges. In the building sector, the professionals have paid more atenton → Moisture absorpton: right now moisture triggers the decompositon Name: Ing.

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Unfortunately erectile dysfunction treatment options exercise trusted malegra dxt 130 mg, one often cannot conclude this with a high degree of certainty because there may be other explanations for why the posttest scores are better. Perhaps an antidrug program aired on television and many of the students watched it, or perhaps a celebrity died of a drug overdose and many of the students heard about it. Participants might have changed between the pretest and the posttest in ways that they were going to anyway because they are growing and learning. If it were a yearlong program, participants might become less impulsive or better reasoners and this might be responsible for the change. Another alternative explanation for a change in the dependent variable in a pretest posttest design is regression to the mean. This refers to the statistical fact that an individual who scores extremely on a variable on one occasion will tend to score less extremely on the next occasion. For example, a bowler with a long-term average of 150 who suddenly bowls a 220 will almost certainly score lower in the next game. Regression to the mean can be a problem when participants are selected for further study becauseof their extreme scores. Imagine, for example, that only students who scored especially low on a test of fractions are given a special training program and then retested. Regression to the mean all but guarantees that their scores will be higher even if the training program has no efect. A closely related concept—and an extremely important one in Chapter 7 147 psychological research—is spontaneous remission. This is the tendency for many medical and psychological problems to improve over time without any form of treatment. If one were to measure symptom severity in 100 common cold suferers today, give them a bowl of chicken soup every day, and then measure their symptom severity again in a week, they would probably be much improved. This does not mean that the chicken soup was responsible for the improvement, however, because they would have been much improved without any treatment at all. A group of severely depressed people today is likely to be less depressed on average in 6 months. In reviewing the results of several studies of treatments for depression, researchers Michael Posternak and Ivan Miller found that participants in waitlist control conditions improved an average of 10 to 15% before they received any treatment at all 14 (Posternak & Miller, 2001). Thus one must generally be very cautious about inferring causality from pretest-posttest designs. Early studies on the effectiveness of psychotherapy tended to use pretest-posttest designs. In a classic 1952 article, researcher Hans Eysenck summarized the results of 24 such studies showing that about two thirds of patients improved between the pretest and the 15 posttest (Eysenck, 1952). But Eysenck also compared these results with archival data from state hospital and insurance company records showing that similar patients recovered at about the same rate without receiving psychotherapy. This suggested to Eysenck that the improvement that patients showed in the pretest-posttest studies might be no more than spontaneous remission. He merely concluded that there was no evidence that it was, and he wrote of “the necessity of properly planned and executed experimental studies into this important field” (p. They found that overall psychotherapy was quite effective, with about 80% of treatment participants improving more than the average control participant. Subsequent research has focused more on the conditions under which different types of psychotherapy are more or less effective. Untreated short-term course of major depression: A meta-analysis of studies using outcomes from studies using wait-list control groups. For example, a manufacturing company might measure its workers’ productivity each week for a year. In an interrupted time series-design, a time series like this is “interrupted” by a treatment. In one classic example, the treatment was the reduction of the work shifts 17 in a factory from 10 hours to 8 hours (Cook & Campbell, 1979). Because productivity increased rather quickly after the shortening of the work shifts, and because it remained elevated for many months afterward, the researcher concluded that the shortening of the shifts caused the increase in productivity. Notice that the interrupted time-series design is like a pretest-posttest design in that it includes measurements of the dependent variable both before and after the treatment. It is unlike the pretest-posttest design, however, in that it includes multiple pretest and posttest measurements. The dependent variable is the number of student absences per week in a research methods course. The treatment is that the instructor begins publicly taking attendance each day so that students know that the instructor is aware of who is present and who is absent. There is a consistently high number of absences before the treatment, and there is an immediate and sustained drop in absences after the treatment. On average, the number of absences after the treatment is about the same as the number before. This fgure also illustrates an advantage of the interrupted time-series design over a simpler pretest-posttest design. If there had been only one measurement of absences before the treatment at Week 7 and one afterward at Week 8, then it would have looked as though the treatment were responsible for the reduction. The multiple measurements both before and after the treatment suggest that the reduction between Weeks 7 and 8 is nothing more than normal week-to-week variation. A type of quasi-experimental design that is generally better than either the nonequivalent groups design or the pretest-posttest design is one that combines elements of both. There is a treatment group that is given a pretest, receives a treatment, and then is given a posttest. But at the same time there is a control group that is given a pretest, does not receive the treatment, and then is given a posttest. The question, then, is not simply whether participants who receive the treatment improve but whether they improve more than participants who do not receive the treatment. Imagine, for example, that students in one school are given a pretest on their attitudes toward drugs, then are exposed to an antidrug program, and fnally are given a posttest. Students in a similar school are given the pretest, not exposed to an antidrug program, and fnally are given a posttest. Again, if students in the treatment condition 150 become more negative toward drugs, this could be an efect of the treatment, but it could also be a matter of history or maturation. If it really is an efect of the treatment, then students in the treatment condition should become more negative than students in the control condition. This type of design does not completely eliminate the possibility of confounding variables, however. Finally, if participants in this kind of design are randomly assigned to conditions, it becomes a true experiment rather than a quasi experiment. In fact, it is the kind of experiment that Eysenck called for— and that has now been conducted many times—to demonstrate the efectiveness of psychotherapy. Among the important types are nonequivalent groups designs, pretest posttest, and interrupted time-series designs. It does not eliminate the problem of confounding variables, however, because it does not involve random assignment to conditions. For these reasons, quasi-experimental research is generally higher in internal validity than correlational studies but lower than true experiments. Practice: Imagine that two college professors decide to test the effect of giving daily quizzes on student performance in a statistics course. They will then compare the performance of students in their two sections on a common final exam. List five other variables that might differ between the two sections that could affect the results. Discussion: Imagine that a group of obese children is recruited for a study in which their weight is measured, then they participate for 3 months in a program that encourages them to be more active, and finally their weight is measured again. List several ways in which qualitative research differs from quantitative research in psychology. Describe the strengths and weaknesses of qualitative research in psychology compared with quantitative research. Quantitative researchers typically start with a focused research question or hypothesis, collect a small amount of data from each of a large number of individuals, describe the resulting data using statistical techniques, and draw general conclusions about some large population. Although this is by far the most common approach to conducting empirical research in psychology, there is an important alternative called qualitative research.

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Twenty five participants came away less fearful of horses and all erectile dysfunction treatment without drugs generic malegra dxt 130 mg online, except for one, said it was a “positive and useful learning experience that they will carry forward” in their daily lives. The survey data confirmed the discrepancy between what participants experienced and what the horses experienced, at least in terms of heart rate. While not all clients found the experience transformative they all described some positive insight or feeling of empowerment that was acquired as a result of working with the horses. While most participants reported satisfaction, increased self-awareness and well-being from participating in the human-horse interaction, their heart rates showed a growing level of arousal as the exercise went along (Figure 1), ultimately peaking even when the exercise had been completed. Of course, it is impossible to know if the arousal the participants were experiencing was physiologically stressful or not. What is interesting is that despite their spiking heart rates, the majority characterized the experience as positive, enjoyable and insightful. One respondent said the experience taught her that she could conquer her fears and learn to trust again. Perhaps most interestingly, the individual who answered the questionnaire with the fewest words (12) had the highest heart rate at 170. Thirty six participants’ Heart Rates averaged over five 90-minute sessions, and the heart rates were measured at the beginning, midpoint and end of each test session. Participants with Oliver, Nov 28 120 100 80 60 P1 black/green 40 P2 purple 20 Oliver 0 Time (in 10 min blocks) Figure 2. From 1-5, how would you rate your fear and discomfort level being around horses, with 5 being the most afraid and uncomfortable. They reported frustration when unable to communicate successfully with or predict the behaviour of either the horse and/or the human partner 5. The other 35 wrote mostly of learning the importance of thinking out of the box and using clear, concise and direct communication. One participant said they learned that being a good leader also meant being able to follow. Published reports have indicated that the relationship between horses and humans can be measured using heart rate variability to determine levels of stress or well-being in the human and the horse when interacting (Gehrke, 2010 p. There has also been compelling research indicating oxytocin plays a significant role in the psychological and physiological benefits of animal-human interaction (Beetz, Uvnäs-Moberg & Julius, 2012). While the effects of these encounters are the source of much research, there has been very little written about just what is going on physiologically during these encounters (Drinkhouse et al. The goal of this study was to further investigate the relationship between the physiological and psychological benefits of horse-human interaction. Since lowered or stable heart rates are usually indicators of calm and relaxed behaviour, I hypothesized that if there was a change in human and animal behavior due to the interaction between the two species, the effects could be reflected in both human and animal heart rates. This study was designed to assess human and animal behavior and heart rate when concurrent measurements from both species were taken. About a year and a half ago I began to research an emerging technology called a SeeHorse™ which had recently been developed in Kitchener, Ontario. It was the noninvasive nature of this new technology that was so attractive since it required no leads or electrodes and was so small and unobtrusive that it could be placed anywhere on the horse. This wireless equine monitoring system was not unlike the wireless 51 human heart rate and activity wristband called a FitBit. They both work around the clock to continuously scan and display real-time data building an ongoing history of vital signs. And like the FitBit, the SeeHorse™ scans and transmits data to a phone or computer. Developed primarily for industry, this was the first scientific study employing the SeeHorse™ as a diagnostic tool. My assumption was that the novelty of the equine experience, unfamiliarity between the horse and human partner, and insecurity about the process, would create anxiety and cause participants‟ heart rates to increase immediately. The hypothesis was that the human participants would undergo physiological changes that would reflect their psychological state. It seemed logical that the humans‟ heart rates would decrease as they relaxed during continued interaction with the horse. The average human heart rate was the lowest at the beginning of the session and even though there was no significant physical exertion, it rose significantly by the mid-point as shown in Figure 1. By the end of the session, instead of regaining the calm with which they began the session, participants‟ heart rates peaked. Also an exit questionnaire produced little quantitative evidence to empirically support an emotional reaction between horse and human that related to the demonstrated physiological connection. This „disconnect‟ between the horses‟ documented data and the humans‟ stated and recorded responses can perhaps be explained by the two-factor theory of emotion (Schacter & Singer, 1962) which is based on a physiological response that the mind then identifies and labels. We search the immediate environment for emotionally relevant cues to label and interpret unexplained physiological arousal, which is susceptible to the emotional influences of others around us. Most difficulties encountered by the participants during the exercises were as a result of fear, insecurity, overthinking, frustration and too often forgetting the horse was an integral part of the team. The significant question was: what change has to happen in the person to effect change in the horse? It is interesting to note that at the end of the session, participants as a group, sat in front of a board listing several words describing different emotional and psychological states. They were asked to choose the one word that would best describe their experience and share why they picked it. The suggested descriptors had a positive connotation encouraging insight into the process: teamwork, confidence, leadership, creative listening and bravery. Everyone characterized their equine experience as positive in that they learned about their strengths and vulnerabilities and the qualities they had to work on in future. Afterwards I asked the same participants to fill out the questionnaire that was the final part of this study. If cognition and peer influence, and not the physiological arousal, provided the label for the emotion, might it be that participants misattributed their arousal (Schacter & Singer, 1962)? Did their consistently rising heart rates contradict their reports of a positive and enjoyable experience? Going in, one participant reported having no experience with horses and rated their level of discomfort at only 2 out of a possible 5. Were they kidding themselves about how afraid they really were about their human-animal interaction or how much they enjoyed it? As Schacter and Singer 53 (2012) discovered we don‟t just feel, we interpret our feelings and we can‟t always trust our interpretation. It was not expressly designed for or adapted to this study, nor was it capable of simultaneously receiving and recording the humans‟ data. Therefore timed SeeHorse™ and Fitbit numbers were recorded separately, and synced manually at the end of the sessions. The challenge was monitoring two horses and four humans in an open arena at the same time. When horse and human partners‟ paths would sometimes intersect, signals from the SeeHorse™ became crossed interrupting data flow. The Fitbits worked well consistently enabling us to monitor and record data from 36 people over eight 90 minute sessions. During the first four sessions conducted on consecutive days we were unable to get any reliable equine readings. During the next four sessions we were able to capture data from five out of eight horses. Because of the unreliability of the new technology, results did not conclusively prove an emotional connection between human and horse, nor did they support a physiological connection between horse and human. If SeeHorse™ technology continues to improve over time, and if a continuous concomitant FitBit / SeeHorse™ recorded outputs can be developed, it would undoubtedly be very useful in supporting further research into the relationship between emotional well-being and physiological indicators. Establishing such a connection would not only provide practical insight into the design of better equine assist learning/therapy programs, but it would also assist equestrians, facilitators, and health providers in better assessing the real effects of horse-human interaction. So while it does have its limitations, this new type of technology provides opportunities to learn things that have previously been „unknowable‟ or left to speculation. I have had a relationship with this horse for over two years now and I know what I feel. While I am unable to presume what Duke feels, he too appears happy and calm in my company.

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He served as editor of the British Journal of Ethnomusicology from 1998-2001 (with Suzel Reily) erectile dysfunction what age discount 130mg malegra dxt visa, and is currently Chair of the British Forum for Ethnomusicology. She has taught in the Department of Music at Istanbul Bilgi University and currently lives at 1017 Cherokee Dr. He holds PhDs in both musicology and neurobiology and is professor of cognitive ethnomusicology at the Ohio State University. He currently leads research projects on cognitive aspects of music performances in oral cultures, on rhythm and melody processing by the human brain, and on a comparison of the cognitive architecture of music and language production. Only the third of the three case studies It may be difficult to decide clearly showed entrainment. This result is whether an observed synchronisation is the highly interesting, but not surprising. Beyond this moments of tempo or pattern changes, an it is never maintained throughout the music aspect that was deliberately eliminated in the on constant level. Anyway, playing together as a that the ‘synchronisation bandwidth’ is musical activity is highly intentional, and in intrinsic to the entrainment process. If there were not such an We do need a comparative intention we could hardly speak of ‘playing perspective if we want to understand the together’ irrespective of the fact that things complexity of rhythm in music. The best proof is Mieczyslaw what respect and to what degree the intended Kolinsiki’s article on meter and rhythm a thirty synchronisation is achieved or realised. The Apparently there is a ‘synchronisation perspective of Western art music alone did not bandwidth’ instead of a complete or absolute allow to draw the necessary conclusions from synchronisation. The authors make the point that the interaction between them was unclear so far, degree of synchronisation might increase with because Western music is poor in contrametric the degree of complexity. Instead commetric, and it is this experience that another fact is that the process of entrainment nourished the illusion that meter and rhythm so easily is affected or superimposed by either meant the same or one was subordinated another one: it is the process of imitating, to the other. However, to distinguish strictly extreme example: I need not necessarily between meter and rhythm is fundamental in entrain to a military march to march in step understanding the process of making music as with a military company. I could even well as that of perceiving it, and they are synchronise my steps without listening to any music’s most characteristic parameters, since music at all. The absolute degree of synchronisation is synchronising meter and rhythm, nor is it a suspicious fact. There is a fundamental necessarily limited to the dimension of time in difference between synchronising by music at all. It is fascinating indeed to have entrainment and synchronising by imitation, of here for the first time such an extensive course. I perspective: from colloquial speech rhythms argue that the ‘synchronisation bandwidth’ is over biological cycles to patterns in music. This could explain why the theory of participatory discrepancies to minimum discrepancy, i. Instead, he thought of of synchronisation, is confined to the reference them in the broadest sense including pitch and point (here the starting point of the pattern). This seems to me Commentaries: ‘In time with the Music’ 47 1 this is one of the most exciting points in this search for musical universals. It simply requires members on Bridging the Gaps – Music as a both sides to take on the intuitively sensible Biocultural Phenomenon. Viewing music in University of Cambridge, this way, together with subsequent cross Department of Music. The often all too the concept of entrainment and the clear partition between the fields of application of empirical methods to ethnomusicology and music psychology is ethnomusicological research is supported as responsible for considerable gaps in the a means of understanding music as a knowledge of both groups. The author argues has for far too long suffered from relying that a synthesis of ethnomusicology and almost exclusively upon data collected from musical psychology (as well as their western subjects using materials largely methodologies) is an essential step toward confined to western musical traditions. Conversely, musical entrainment as a conglomeration of ethnographic data, of the kind that has sub-skills, is offered, as a means to cogent dominated ethnomusicological research, and thorough data analysis. Music empirical and scientific methodologies within seen cross-culturally is, as we know, hugely the field of ethnomusicology as a complement diverse, yet infinitely less diverse than the to more traditional ethnographic fieldwork. Only through Research of this nature has great potential to extensive dialogue and cooperation between further our understanding of music as a musical psychologists and ethnomusicologists universal feature of human culture regardless can we get closer to understanding this very of whether the reader considers him/herself to important facet of musical behaviour. The be an ethnomusicologist, music psychologist concept of entrainment in musical performance or musicologist. In fact, the proposals made is in many ways ideally suited to a cross by the authors, quite rightly, go beyond any cultural psychological perspective as it is a traditional delineation between the fields of biological phenomenon with functionality musical psychology and ethnomusicology. As such I Differences of approach have often been seen strongly welcome the concept of entrainment to reflect not only differences of academic as a theoretical paradigm for musical research, focus but also seemingly irreconcilable as well as the cohesive data collection teleological and philosophical differences methodologies. Boyd & Richardson, 1985; Durham, 1991) Commentaries: ‘In time with the Music’ 48 the overview presented on the history the ability to co-ordinate bodily of entrainment and on research undertaken movements (whether in the within diverse academic fields is useful in that production of musical sound or in it positions musical entrainment within the dancing) with simple and complex wider context of entrainment as a physical and auditory phenomena. In At first sight this may not seem to offer other words it correctly and importantly much in addition to what is being proposed in establishes that we are not talking about a the present article, and we are still left with the concept or mechanism that is unique to same constrained theoretical insights into what musical behaviour. As yet, cases must be interpreted organized, overlapping yet putatively individually until more is known about the 4 distinguishable sub-skills : underlying psychological mechanisms. The authors state that “in order to analyze A fundamental ability to perceive and entrainment and to detect the constraints at produce synchronized and temporally work, ethnomusicologists do not have to wait separated events for psychologists or neuroscientists to tell them the ability to produce a reasonably what the timer organization underlying the steady periodic pulse observed behaviour actually is” (p. While the ability to perceive synchronized this is certainly correct it misses an important events across modalities point: Research of this nature, in addition to the ability to rapidly adjust to small being supported by psychological and (and large) perturbations in pulse as neuroscientific theory, has considerable well as changes in tempo i. The ability to perceive and internalize Data collected in the manner suggested on 7 a pulse in complex auditory p. It is important to note, particularly when considering the 6 concept of entrainment, that although the sub-skills are Which the authors support on p. Commentaries: ‘In time with the Music’ 49 important input into the nature of timing physics through psychology and neuroscience, mechanisms, by demonstrating which intra to the social sciences) that demonstrates the individual factors are entraining in a musical broad applicability of the concept of performance and which are more inextricably entrainment as an explanatory principle. Ethnomusicologists indeed do not commentary I focus specifically on the have to wait for psychologists or discussion of timing mechanisms and neuroscientists to tell them what’s what; by movement control in the paper, since these taking account of the psychological and form central pillars of the entrainment neuroscientific literature they can empower principle, but before I do so, let me register my themselves with the knowledge that they have enthusiasm for the broad project which this a unique insight into music and musical paper proposes, and for the stimulating cultures and (potentially) into many uncovered questions which the perspective promises to facets of the human mind. In general terms the paper strikes me as offering a very interesting way to address issues of communication, embodiment and coordinated action in music. Clarke principally perhaps even solely to periodic Music Department, processes. There is a need, however, to be mutually ‘steer’ one another towards attentive to the distinction between periodic synchrony. The movements involved in and non-periodic rhythmic processes in playing music certainly involve periodic or assessing the explanatory value of the idea quasi-periodic movements (such as body sway, of entrainment. Similarly, this commentary or the arm movements of a jazz drummer questions the value of the idea of ‘internal playing a ride cymbal), but also significant clock’ mechanisms in discussing numbers of non-periodic movements (the left entrainment, whilst nonetheless endorsing arm movements of a violin player or guitarist the potential utility of the entrainment shifting positions; the finger movements of concept within the psychology of music and string, wind and keyboard players in most ethnomusicology. The periodic component may be understood in terms of oscillatory systems (as How do people engage with music, Clayton et al discuss), but there is also an and how do co-performers engage with one important layer of non-periodic movements another? Playing music on one’s own or with superimposed upon, or tangled up with, that others, and listening to the performances of periodic component and it is these non others in any kind of participatory manner periodic movements that have been explained invariably requires the flexible synchronization in terms of motor programming. One way to of different agents’ actions with one another, see motor programming is as the means and Clayton, Sager and Will (2003) present a whereby the spontaneous oscillatory properties wide-ranging and stimulating case for the of the human body (the basically pendular relevance of the principle of entrainment for character of the limbs and torso) are ‘driven’ to the study of music based on this. Entrainment, move in the non-periodic ways that music they propose, “offers a new approach to performance may often require. The bow arm understanding music making and music movements that a folk fiddler may need to perception as an integrated, embodied and make in order to produce a particular sequence interactive process, and can therefore shed of notes in a particular key across four strings light on many issues central to tuned in a certain specific manner will often ethnomusicological thought. In the enthusiasm to see how As an example, I like the idea far the idea of entrainment can go in (derived from Jones and her co-workers) that explaining musical phenomena, it is important different kinds of rhythmic structures might to remain alert to the distinction between induce different styles of attention that periodic and non-periodic components, and entrained rhythms may encourage a future therefore to the kinds of phenomena that the oriented style of attention which in turn entrainment principle may not be able to supports predictive and anticipatory explain. These the timing models of Wing and Kristofferson styles of attention may also be associated with (1973) and Vorberg and Hambuch (1977) rather different kinds of experience the picks up on three decades or more of former with teleology and larger-scale theorizing about how human beings control the organization, the latter with immediacy and the temporal component of behaviour, but it seems specific qualities of material. I would have to me increasingly implausible to explain the thought that here the connection between continuously produced and finely judged psychological phenomena and ethnographic sequences of events that typically characterize factors could be very interesting and musical performance in terms of clock-like productive: what kinds of experience are mechanisms that judge the inter-onset intervals different kinds of musical materials ‘designed’ between events by counting numbers of time to elicit, and how do those different kinds of quanta. Researchers may choose to measure experience (and musical material) relate to the and represent rhythmic sequences in this way social functions and social values with which and for perfectly good analytical reasons. As the within the human that has produced the authors themselves point out, synchronization behaviour. An alternative might be that we isn’t necessarily indicative of entrainment, and make use of ‘rate detectors’ rather than timers it is slightly disappointing that at least two of that we may be very sensitive to the rate at the three case studies presented at the end of which events (both our own self-initiated the paper are not really able to make any events, and external events) unfold without specific claims about entrainment. The crucial having any direct or immediate sense of the evidence for entrainment, it seems, is what durations that these events demarcate or happens to the two rhythmic sequences of a occupy. Todd, O’Boyle and Lee (1999) possibly entrained ‘coupling’ when there is a propose an interesting model of this kind, perturbation in either of them.

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Mania symptoms In the manic phase of bipolar disorder weak erectile dysfunction treatment cheap 130 mg malegra dxt with visa, it’s common to experience feelings of heightened energy, creativity, and euphoria. If you’re experiencing a manic episode, you may talk a mile a minute, sleep very little, and be hyperactive. You may also feel like you’re all-powerful, invincible, or destined for greatness. You may behave recklessly during a manic episode: gambling away your savings, engaging in inappropriate sexual activity, or making foolish business investments, for example. You may also become angry, irritable, and aggressive—picking fights, lashing out when others don’t go along with your plans, and blaming anyone who criticizes your behavior. In a hypomanic state, you’ll likely feel euphoric, energetic, and productive, but will still be able to carry on with your day-to-day life without losing touch with reality. However, hypomania can result in bad decisions that harm your relationships, career, and reputation. In addition, hypomania often escalates to full-blown mania or is followed by a major depressive episode. Symptoms of bipolar depression In the past, bipolar depression was lumped in with regular depression, but a growing body of research suggests that there are significant differences between the two, especially when it comes to recommended treatments. In fact, there is a risk that antidepressants can make bipolar disorder worse—triggering mania or hypomania, causing rapid cycling between mood states, or interfering with other mood stabilizing drugs. Despite many similarities, certain symptoms are more common in bipolar depression than in regular depression. For example, bipolar depression is more likely to involve irritability, guilt, unpredictable mood swings, and feelings of restlessness. With bipolar depression, you may move and speak slowly, sleep a lot, and gain weight. In addition, you’re more likely to develop psychotic depression—a condition in which you lose contact with reality—and to experience major problems in work and social functioning. Common signs of a mixed episode include depression combined with agitation, irritability, anxiety, insomnia, distractibility, and racing thoughts. This combination of high energy and low mood makes for a particularly high risk of suicide. Some people with bipolar disorder develop “rapid cycling” where they experience four or more episodes of mania or depression within a 12-month period. Mood swings can occur very quickly, like a rollercoaster randomly moving from high to low and back again over a period of days or even hours. Rapid cycling can leave you feeling dangerously out of control and most commonly occurs if your bipolar disorder symptoms are not being adequately treated. Usually—but not always—Bipolar I Disorder also involves at least one episode of depression. Cyclothymia (hypomania and mild depression) – Cyclothymia is a milder form of bipolar disorder that consists of cyclical mood swings. Treatment for bipolar disorder If you spot the symptoms of bipolar disorder in yourself or someone else, don’t wait to get help. Ignoring the problem won’t make it go away; in fact, it will almost certainly get worse. Living with untreated bipolar disorder can lead to problems in everything from your career to your relationships to your health. But bipolar disorder is highly treatable, so diagnosing the problem and starting treatment as early as possible can help prevent these complications. If you’re reluctant to seek treatment because you like the way you feel when you’re manic, remember that the energy and euphoria come with a price. Mania and hypomania often turn destructive, hurting you and the people around you. Since bipolar disorder is a chronic, relapsing illness, it’s important to continue treatment even when you’re feeling better. Most people with bipolar disorder need medication to prevent new episodes and stay symptom free. Medication alone is usually not enough to fully control the symptoms of bipolar disorder. The most effective treatment strategy for bipolar disorder involves a combination of medication, therapy, lifestyle changes, and social p | 6 support. Self-help for bipolar disorder While dealing with bipolar disorder isn’t always easy, it doesn’t have to run your life. But in order to successfully manage bipolar disorder, you have to make smart choices. Your lifestyle and daily habits can have a significant impact on your moods and may even lessen your need for medication. Exercise has a beneficial impact on mood and may reduce the number of bipolar episodes you experience. Aerobic exercise that activates arm and leg movement such as running, walking, swimming, dancing, climbing or drumming may be especially beneficial to your brain and nervous system. Avoid high-stress situations, maintain a healthy work-life balance, and try relaxation techniques such as meditation, yoga, or deep breathing. Reaching out is not a sign of weakness and it won’t mean you’re a burden to others. In fact, most friends will be flattered that you trust them enough to confide in them, and it will only strengthen your relationship. Nothing is as calming to the nervous system as face-to-face contact with caring supportive people who can just listen to you talk about what you’re experiencing. Keep track of your symptoms and watch for signs that your moods are swinging out of control so you can stop the problem before it starts. In fact, people suffering from bipolar disorder are more likely to attempt suicide than those suffering from regular depression. The risk of suicide is even higher in people with bipolar disorder who have frequent depressive episodes, mixed episodes, a history of alcohol or drug abuse, a family history of suicide, or an early onset of the disease. Suicide warning signs include: Talking about death, self-harm, or suicide Feeling hopeless or helpless Feeling worthless or like a burden to others Acting recklessly, as if one has a “death wish” Putting affairs in order or saying goodbye Seeking out weapons or pills that could be used to commit suicide Take any thoughts or talk of suicide seriously If you or someone you care about is suicidal, call the National Suicide Prevention Lifeline in the U. It appears that certain people are genetically predisposed to bipolar disorder, yet not everyone with an inherited vulnerability develops p | 8 the illness, indicating that genes are not the only cause. Some brain imaging studies show physical changes in the brains of people with bipolar disorder. Other research points to neurotransmitter imbalances, abnormal thyroid function, circadian rhythm disturbances, and high levels of the stress hormone cortisol. External environmental and psychological factors are also believed to be involved in the development of bipolar disorder. Triggers can set off new episodes of mania or depression or make existing symptoms worse. Stress – Stressful life events can trigger bipolar disorder in someone with a genetic vulnerability. These events tend to involve drastic or sudden changes—either good or bad—such as getting married, going away to college, losing a loved one, getting fired, or moving. Substance Abuse – While substance abuse doesn’t cause bipolar disorder, it can bring on an episode and worsen the course of the disease. Drugs such as cocaine, ecstasy, and amphetamines can trigger mania, while alcohol and tranquilizers can trigger depression. Medication – Certain medications, most notably antidepressant drugs, can trigger mania. Other drugs that can cause mania include over-the-counter cold medicine, appetite suppressants, caffeine, corticosteroids, and thyroid medication. Seasonal Changes – Episodes of mania and depression often follow a seasonal pattern. Manic episodes are more common during the summer, and depressive episodes more common during the fall, winter, and spring. Sleep Deprivation – Loss of sleep—even as little as skipping a few hours of rest—can trigger an episode of mania. The HelpGuide team appreciates the support of Diamond Benefactors Jeff and Viktoria Segal. Bipolar disorder, also known as manic-depressive illness, is a brain disorder that causes unusual shifts in mood, energy, activity levels, and the ability to carry out day-to-day tasks. They are different from the normal ups and downs that everyone goes through from time to time.

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Ionization chambers may consist of parallel electrode planes divided in horizontal and vertical strips that allow the quantification of the lateral uniformity of the radiation field erectile dysfunction pink guy malegra dxt 130 mg amex. Beam shaping devices in the nozzle are scatterers, absorbers, and other patient specific hardware. The nozzle also have a snout that permits mounting and positioning of the field-specific aperture and compensator along the beam axis. The snout of the nozzle is telescopic to adjust the air gap between the final collimator or compensator and the patient. The left picture shows the gantry structure during construction with the steel assembly being visible. The beam delivery nozzle is able to rotate 360 degrees around the movable patient couch. For small fields a single scattering foil (made out of Lead) can be used to broaden the beam. For larger field sizes the reduction in proton fluence and the scattering is too big and one turns to a double-scattering system to ensure a uniform, flat lateral dose profile. The double scattering system may contain a first scatterer (set of foils), placed upstream near the nozzle entrance, and a second 14 Paganetti & Bortfeld: Proton Beam Radiotherapy gaussian-shaped scatterer placed further downstream (see figure 8). The rationale for a contoured bi-material device is that a high-Z material scatters more with little range loss whereas a low-Z material scatters less with more loss in range. In order to flatten the field the protons near the field center must be scattered more than the protons further outside the field center. Key to the optimal solution for beam flattening is not only the achievable beam profile flatness but to achieve low energy loss in the absorber, thus minimizing the production of secondary radiation. Beam shaping devices are scattering systems, range modulators, and wobbling magnets. A set of pristine peaks is delivered with decreasing depth and with reduced dose until the desired modulation is achieved. The lower right picture shows a wheel with 3 different tracks used for different modulation widths. A modulator wheel (figure 9) combines variable thickness absorbers in circular rotating tracks that result in a temporal variation of the beam energy (Koehler et al. Modulator wheels are made of a low-Z material (Lexan or Carbon depending on the designed range interval of a wheel) and a high-Z material 16 Paganetti & Bortfeld: Proton Beam Radiotherapy (Lead). The low-Z material causes slowing down of the beam with little multiple scattering involved and high-Z material is used to adjust the amount of scattering at each depth. Thus, the angle covered by each step decreases with increasing absorbing power and corresponding decreased range. It offers the best choice in terms of cost, weight and production of secondary radiation. The aperture edge, which corresponds to the 50% isodose within a port, is usually defined as the target projection to isocenter plus the 90-50% penumbra plus any set-up uncertainties. The distal part of the dose distribution is shaped according to the desired treatment field using patient specific milled compensators (figure 11). Patient specific compensators are made out of plastic material and reduce the range of the protons. The maximum required range within a portal, usually defined as the distal 90 % of the protons, defines the thinnest point on the compensator. The width of the steps can be adjusted to account for uncertainties that may affect the range at various 17 Paganetti & Bortfeld: Proton Beam Radiotherapy points along the target’s cross-sectional profile. It is used to conform the proton dose distribution to the distal shape of a target. Both aperture and compensator are mounted on a retractable snout on the treatment head. The retractable snout ensures that the air gap between the beam shaping devices and the patient can always be minimized to reduce effects of scattering in air, which causes softening of the beam penumbra (Sisterson et al. The penumbra varies with treatment depth and beamline specific hardware settings but a typical value for 16 cm water equivalent range would be approximately 4. Typically the beam is scanned in a zigzag pattern in the x-y plane perpendicular to the beam direction. The energy is then reduced, the next layer is painted, and so forth until all 20-30 layers have been delivered. Due to density variations in the patient, the Bragg peaks of one layer are not generally in a plane. Also, it is useful to keep in mind that the distal layers deliver various amounts of dose (depending on the curvature of the distal target surface) to the more proximal regions, such that each layer needs to be intensity modulated in order to generate a uniform target dose. Each layer may be delivered multiple times to reduce delivery errors and uncertainties. Then the beam is switched off and the magnet settings are changed to target the next spot, dose is delivered to the next spot, and so forth (see figure 12). There the magnetic scan is performed in one direction only, and the position in the orthogonal 19 Paganetti & Bortfeld: Proton Beam Radiotherapy direction is changed through a change of the table position. Because the table motion is the slowest motion, it is the last and least often used: first the magnetic scan is performed to create one line of dose (along discrete steps), then the depth is varied by changing the energy, and another line of dose is "drawn" at a more shallow depth. Practically the dose distributions are equivalent for the two methods as long as the scan time from spot to spot is small compared to the treatment time per spot. Intensity (or rather, fluence) modulation can be achieved through a modulation of the output of the source, or the speed of the scan, or both. The combination of the two reduces the required dynamic range of the source output, but puts higher demands on the control system. One advantage of scanning is that arbitrary shapes of uniform high dose regions can be achieved with a single beam. Another advantage of the scanning approach is that, due to the avoidance of first and second scatterers, the beam has less nuclear interactions outside the patient, and therefore the neutron contamination is smaller (see section 5b). However, a disadvantage is the technical difficulty to generate very narrow pencil beams that result in an optimal lateral dose fall-off. The scanning approach can also be more sensitive to organ motion than passive scattering (Phillips et al. Here a relatively broad beam (diameter in the order 5 cm) is magnetically scanned across the target volume. The main advantage is that larger field sizes than with passive scattering are easily achievable. The software packages are either designed for proton therapy planning only or are able to generate plans for conventional photon therapy as well as proton therapy. With the advent of faster computers more complex and much more accurate pencil beam models have become the norm replacing the broad beam model. Pencil beam algorithms rely on pencil kernels, derived from physical treatment machine data, to model proton range mixing from scatter in the range compensator and patient (Goitein and Miller, 1983). The calculated proximal build-up, distal fall-off and lateral penumbra are usually in good agreement with measurements (Hong et al. In addition to ray-tracing or pencil-beam algorithms there are Monte Carlo dose calculation procedures used mainly in research. They are believed to be more accurate (Pawlicki and Ma, 2001) but usually take too much computing time to be used in routine treatment planning. Monte Carlo dose calculation for proton therapy treatment planning is currently under development (Jiang and Paganetti, 2004; Paganetti et al. As with photons and electrons proton treatments use multiple portals to reduce the overall skin dose to patients. Because proton beams have a sharp distal fall-off it is possible to aim beams towards critical structures in treatment planning. Thus, 21 Paganetti & Bortfeld: Proton Beam Radiotherapy treatment strategies and treatment options can be different from conventional therapy. The sharp distal dose fall-off of protons (distance from the 90% to the 10% dose level is only a few mm) makes it more critical than with photons to understand and limit the uncertainties used in determining the penetration depth required to cover a target. The uncertainties must be incorporated in the treatment planning margins around the target volume. The accuracy of proton beam delivery may in general allow tighter margins than used conventionally.

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As he listened to my apology erectile dysfunction depression treatment purchase malegra dxt us, he looked at me in his customary intent and unblinking way, but with kindness in his eyes. Then, this man whose hostility causes others to cower in his presence and whose rampant, drug-fuelled paranoia can see ill will everywhere, said, “Thank you, but I meant to apologize to you. You visited me in hospital last week and you were calm and attentive, an image of the good doctor. It must be hard for you in this place, all the negative energy down here and some of it comes from me—I see you absorb it, and I wonder how you hold it and still do your job. You think they’re too into their head trips and drug trips and diseases to notice anything. Like, when I was having a couple of bad months in my personal life, I remember Larry coming up, and he’s like ‘Something’s wrong with you. Despite their troubles, they pay enough attention that they actually know when we’re having a hard time of it. She witnessed my incident with Josh and gently massaged my shoulders after Josh left the examination room. His paranoia, violent outbreaks and drug addiction were so out of control that he couldn’t be housed anywhere. Without the harm reduction facilities administered by the Portland Hotel Society and other organizations, many addicts and mentally ill people in the Downtown Eastside would be street nomads or, at best, migrants with five or six different addresses a year, being shunted from one dingy establishment to another. As the 2010 Winter Olympics draw near, the city is predicting the numbers will rise—a prospect that some policymakers seem to regard more as a potential embarrassment than as a humanitarian crisis. For that to happen, they must first sense our commitment to accepting them for who they are. That is the essence of harm reduction, but it’s also the essence of any healing or nurturing relationship. In his book On Becoming a Person, the great American psychologist Carl Rogers described a warm, caring attitude, which he called unconditional positive regard because, he said, “it has no conditions of worth attached to it. It is an atmosphere [that] simply demonstrates I care; not I care for you if you behave thus and so. Few of us have experienced it consistently; the addict has never experienced it—least of all from himself. At the Washington Hotel this client with a chronic ulcer on his shin finally let me look at his legs this week, after me harassing him for six months to have a peek. I try not to measure things as good or bad, just to look at things from the client’s point of view. Even when people are at their worst, feeling really down and out, you can still have those moments with them. There she was on the sidewalk, two black eyes and a bleeding nose, screaming ‘The Portland won’t give me taxi money to get to the hospital! It’s “Welfare Wednesday,” the second-to-last Wednesday of the month, when income assistance cheques are issued. The office is quiet and will be until the money runs out on Thursday and Friday—and then a large group of hung-over, drug-withdrawn patients will descend upon the place, complaining, demanding and picking fights with each other. It seemed so clear to me all at once—the tone and the innocence behind it, that’s the real Celia. It reminded me that there are all these different components to the people we work with. I try not to have such thoughts in my day-to-day work…I try to take people as they are at any moment and support them that way. Not judge them or think of an alternative reality they could have, because we could all have alternative realities. Only…there was this split second when I had two images in my brain: Celia at the worst moments I’ve seen her and then Celia singing to her kids, living on a farm somewhere with her family…And then I dropped both images and just listened to that lovely voice peacefully drifting towards me. He’s a short, slender man with a pallid countenance peppered with grey stubbles to match his prematurely greying hair. Over the hum of traffic that vibrates into the room, he reads the words from a crumpled and stained piece of foolscap. Never diagnosed before, he was dumbfounded when I told him about the lifelong patterns of physical restlessness, mental disorganization and impulse-regulation deficiencies that characterize the condition. He launches into tirades on any topic, not recalling what he already said or where he was intending to go. He meanders, becoming snagged on the brambles of one thought, getting lost in the bushes of the next. Remy’s wandering speech patterns are attempts to escape an agonizing discomfort with his own self. The heroin habit he acquired in prison is managed successfully with methadone, but he’s rarely been off cocaine since his discharge. It’s not fucking going sixty different miles an hour, in twenty different directions. Remy was in my office seeking absolution as surely as if he were a penitent in a confession booth and I, a cassock-garbed priest. What it would take to straighten me out, she said, is if I ever began to listen to my heart. I mean, it’ll always be there, but I’ve got to move on and stay positive and stay focused on living. I don’t know if that’s right or wrong, but I can’t dwell in the past and let it bring me down. It was a Native guy I killed, and they’re very, very prejudiced…” I suppress my urge to point out that a family’s grief and anger or even vengeful feelings in such circumstances do not necessarily imply racial bigotry. I’ve been thinking about it—as soon as you mentioned it, I knew what you were going to suggest. Later the same week, Remy is back in my office reading his composition, simultaneously nervous and triumphant. His rabbit eyes dart about, skipping from the paper he grasps in both hands to my face, constantly gauging my reaction. As he speaks, he sways, shifting his weight back and forth from one foot to the other. To Whom It May Concern: You do not knowme, although the name on the envelope might ring a Bell. The reason I’m writing this letter to you is just to let you know that there is not a day that has gone past since that tragic night took place, when I do not think of what I have done!! But I feel I must write this to you to let you knowhowvery sorry I am that it happened and that howwrong I was. This has been eating away at me from 11 years nowand I really don’t think that the horrendous disregard and disrespect I have brought upon and done to your Son at such a young age by ending his life at 19 will ever leave my mind. I’m hoping that the hatred you might have had for me is not as strong as it was in 1994! But if so I understand and can hold no ill feelings towards you or your Family for this. I don’t do heroin anymore and I have finally given up cocaine, which is at the root of all evil. Basically I’m writing to say I’m so very sorry for what I’ve done to you and your family and I hope one day you will find Peace. He has been unable to do that and, as a consequence, I had to discontinue his methylphenidate prescription. His intentions foundered when, shortly afterwards, he entered into a hopelessly overwrought relationship with a mentally unstable woman even more dependent on cocaine than he was. Perhaps another conversation, another moment of contact with me or with someone else, will help him move forward again. A Senate committee on addictions hailed his presentation as one of the most inspirational they had heard. Dean is a thin, edgy figure with brimming-over energy that keeps him physically in motion even when he’s sitting or standing. He speaks rapidly, leaping from one topic to another, interrupting himself only to chuckle at his own witticisms. Dean’s fame spread after the international showing of filmmaker Nettie Wild’s award-winning documentary Fix: the Story of an Addicted City. In the next scene, bare from the waist up, he displays his tattoo-covered torso and arms as he injects himself with pure heroin.

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The information should be clear and provide information when the heat load will increase over erectile dysfunction fertility treatment buy malegra dxt 130mg overnight delivery. Tourists must be especially targeted Deleted: the because they are often under stress after long travel, have jet lag and are unaccustomed to Deleted: a chosen threshold and how to act. Seasonal migrations Deleted: ¶ ¶ Formatted: Font: 13 pt the belief that the atmospheric environment affects human health can be traced back almost to the dawn of civilization. In the early periods of history seasonal migration was prompted by Deleted: per two forces: first, elite social groups travelled to avoid the discomfort of excessive heat and oppressive urban conditions, especially in tropical and subtropical latitudes; second, similar groups travelled to locations where the general circumstances of climate and weather favored Deleted: were conductive to congenital working conditions, recovery from ill health, or were free from pollution. The Deleted: to seasonal exodus of the rich from the squalor of cities to the cleaner and more comfortable environment of their country estates occurred also in Rome, Babylon and other ancient Deleted: county metropolis. For example during the peak of summer, Rome was notorious for its unhealthy conditions. During summer months the upper class Deleted: the upper class during summer months moved to their country villas in the nearby Apennines. Though the mountains were not particularly high, they were high enough to lower temperatures sufficient by to make summer Deleted: are living quite pleasant. As the society developed, an increasing proportion of the population Deleted: are became able to afford travel and visits, which were expected to provide opportunities for Deleted: resource recreation, respite or recovery. Nowadays many people who can afford to leave home for several weeks or months tend to escape the stress of hot summers or cold winters at their permanent residence. Winter in Deleted: per polluted cities is unpleasant and unhealthy; hot summer weather with high ozone levels in dense urbanized areas is as well unpleasant and unhealthy. As the number of people being able to temporarily move to milder and healthier climate is constantly increasing, the number of seasonal migrants is expected to grow in the future. Tourism and climate change Formatted: Font: 13 pt There is a two-way relationship between tourism and climate change. On the one hand, tourism has an obligation to minimise its adverse impact on the environment and thus on the emission of greenhouse gases which in turn contribute to climate change. In coastal zones and mountain regions climate change puts tourism at risk and important market changes could result. Seaside tourism seems likely to suffer damage from most of the effects of climate change, especially beach erosion, higher sea levels, greater damage from sea surges and storms, and reduced water supply. However, while some regions may see a diminution of demand from the leisure traveller, others may see an increase. In mountain regions, it seems very probable that ultimately demand for winter sports will diminish. The season will shorten, opportunities for young people to learn the sports will diminish and demand pressures on high altitude resorts will increase. Summer seasons, Deleted:, meanwhile, could lengthen and generate increased demand. The balance of costs and benefits is illustrated by the situation in the Arctic, where a longer summer season might benefit cruise tourism and activities such as whale-watching, but shorter winters could reduce the range of Arctic fauna and flora which attracts some visitors. Tourism cannot be seen in isolation as major changes in the pattern of demand will lead to wider impacts on many areas of economic and social policy, for example in employment and labour demand and in regional policy issues such as housing, transport and social infrastructure. Knock-on effects could influence other sectors, such as agriculture supplying tourism demand, handicraft industries and local small business networks. However, with the Deleted:, apparent exception of winter sports, unless climate change leads to a net loss in demand for Deleted: etc leisure tourism, a loss of demand for a given destination or type of destination may well lead Deleted: ¶ to increases in demand for alternative destinations. This gap will need to be bridged by emphasising that climate change is already having an impact on the tourism sector. Also in future there will be a need for further studies and research into the Deleted: ¶ ¶ impact of climate and climate change on tourism. The use of road and air transport by travellers contributes significantly to greenhouse gas emissions. It seems inevitable that, at some future date, serious consideration will be given to additional environmental taxes targeting the air transport sector specifically. The concentration of tourism in certain regions of the world places stresses on the local flora and fauna, which in many cases are what tourists, come to see; such stresses themselves may exacerbate the adverse effects that climate change is already having on the ecology. Conclusions Formatted: Font: 13 pt It is evident that tourism is dependent on weather and climate. In some parts of the world, it is the climate itself, which is the main feature promoting tourism. For further development of tourism, it is important that climate is favourable for particular pleasure-related activities. Deleted: – Travel for recreation and pleasure will be significantly influenced by the climate and weather circumstances; and this nexus has been described as weather-sensitive tourism. Some of the Deleted: – new forms of environmental tourism (eco-tourism) will be climate dependent. Deleted: – In general, destinations with a great reliance on their natural resource base to attract tourists may be at most risk, although some high−latitude destinations may become rather more attractive. Enhanced uptake of many outdoor pursuits ranging from gardening to water based Deleted: An e sports is to be expected in middle latitudes. Deleted: are the desire to maintain comfort levels, or to avoid climate related discomfort, remains a significant determinant of where to go and what to do in the decision making process of tourists. However, with advances in medical practices, and in the design and manufacture of appropriate equipment, tourists and travellers are able to withstand conditions which would be almost impossible without those supports. The range of tourism activities and destinations is being extended as tourists seek to challenge their own ingenuity and capacity to withstand levels of discomfort; this is especially so in the new fields of alternative tourism. Especially for the tropical Deleted: ¶ regions they are already reaching the scores that guarantee economic profit if they are used Deleted:, properly. In the next decade, considering rapid development and improvement of seasonal Deleted: especially forecasts reasonable reliability could be expected also for subtropical regions and mid Deleted: guaranty latitudes. Seasonal forecasts will allow tourist industry to make a projection of the general climatic conditions and anomalies during the next seasons and to undertake the proper measures to adapt to the expected conditions. Tourist industry could also benefit from more reliable and more detailed climate projections, especially those taking into account regional differences and fluctuations. Tourism is a continuously adapting industry, responding to changing demographic and economic conditions as well as to new demands and technologies. In view of the fragmented structure of the industry, adaptation to climate change is likely to be gradual with new Deleted: climate change adaptation investment in tune with other strategic decisions. For example, it is estimated that, globally, tourism accounts for at least 60 per Deleted: s cent of all present-day air travel. Deleted: % Deleted: − New research initiatives are urgently needed as to the observed and perceived effects of Deleted: per climate on tourism, which will require more collaboration between applied climatologists and Deleted:, observed and tourist specialists. The challenge will be to draw direct links between weather and climate perceived, conditions and the behaviour of tourists. Tourist may disregard warning signs of impending disaster, which the local population would tend to heed. Frequency and intensity of severe weather and extreme events may affect the destination choice, but may also damage or destroy infrastructure. Weather hazards occur with a certain frequency, are characterized by sudden onset and hence could easily catch populations unprepared. It could be that some of the present destinations would lose appeal, and some others will increase their potential to attract masses of tourists. Some of the presently popular places could become dangerous or associated with a high health threat. But already now the fashion is forcing tourist industry to develop and adapt constantly. His research interests include molecular genetics, molecular evolution, and population genetics. Her research interests include gene regulation and the genetic control of cellular form. Currently she is studying the function and assembly of organelles in the yeast Saccharomyces. Hauck Marketing Director: Rich Pirozzi Production Manager: Anne Spencer Manufacturing Director: Jane Bromback Executive Editor: Brian L. McKean Project Editor: Kathryn Twombly Senior Production Editor: Mary Hill Web Site Design: Andrea Wasik * * * Development Editor: Richard Morel Book and Cover Design: J/B Woolsey Associates Art Development and Rendering: J/B Woolsey Associates Composition and Book Layout: Thompson Steele, Inc. Book Manufacture: World Color Book Services Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Hartl, Daniel L. No part of the material protected by this copyright notice may be reproduced or utilized in any form, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without written permission from the copyright owner.

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Several of these chemical mutagens impotence with beta blockers buy 130mg malegra dxt otc, of which nitrous acid is a well understood example, are highly specific in the changes they produce. In genetic research, chemical mutagens such as nitrous acid (and many others) are Figure 13. In the next round of replication, the C pairs with G, completing the transition mutation. The bond between the labeled G and the deoxyribose to which it is attached is about to be hydrolyzed. However, alkylating agents are highly effective in eukaryotes, as well as prokaryotes. If, however, the replication fork reaches the apurinic site before repair has taken place, then replication almost always inserts an adenine nucleotide in the daughter strand opposite the apurinic site. In air, the rate of spontaneous depurination is approximately 3 × 10-9 depurinations per purine nucleotide per minute. This rate is at least tenfold greater than any other single source of spontaneous degradation. At this rate, the half-life of a purine nucleotide exposed to air is about 300 years. Misalignment Mutagenesis the acridine molecules, of which proflavin is an example (Figure 13. The effect of the intercalation of an acridine molecule is to cause the adjacent base pairs to move apart by a distance roughly equal to the thickness of one pair (Figure 13. The result is that a nucleotide can be either added or deleted in the daughter strand. In a coding region, the result of a single-base addition or deletion is a frameshift mutation (Section 13. The effects are caused by chemical changes in the bases resulting from absorption of the energy of the light. This chemical linkage brings the bases closer together, causing a distortion of the helix (Figure 13. Although not drawn to scale, these bonds are considerably shorter than the spacing between the planes of adjacent thymines, so the double-stranded structure becomes distorted. Page 572 Pyrimidine dimers can be repaired in ways discussed later in this chapter. Persons with this disease are extremely sensitive to sunlight, and this sensitivity results in excessive skin pigmentation and the development of numerous skin lesions that frequently become cancerous. Ionizing Radiation Ionizing radiation includes x rays and the particles and radiation released by radioactive elements (α and β particles and γ rays). When x rays were first discovered late in the nineteenth century, their power to pass through solid materials was regarded as a harmless entertainment and a source of great amusement: By 1898, personal x rays had become a popular status symbol in New York. The New York Times reported that "there is quite as much difference in the appearance of the hand of a washerwoman and the hand of a fine lady in an x-ray picture as in reality. Morton said women were not afraid of x rays: "After being assured that there is no danger they take the rays without fear. Newspapers carried advertisements for "x-ray proof underclothing" for those seeking to protect themselves from x-ray inspection. A famous woman dancer performed radium dances using veils dipped in fluorescent salts containing radium. Radium roulette was popular at New York casinos, featuring a "roulette wheel washed with a radium solution, such that it glowed brightly in the darkness; an unseen hand cast the ball on the turning wheel and sparks marked its course as it bounded from pocket to glimmery pocket. Even while the unrestrained use of x rays and radium was growing, evidence was accumulating that the new forces might not be so benign after all. Many suffered severe x-ray burns or required amputation of overexposed hands or arms. By the mid-1930s, the number of x-ray deaths had grown so large that a monument to the "x-ray martyrs" was erected in a hospital courtyard in Germany. Yet the full hazards of x-ray exposure were not widely appreciated until the 1950s. When ionizing radiation interacts with water or with living tissue, highly reactive Page 573 ions called free radicals are formed. The intensity of a beam of ionizing radiation can be described quantitatively in several ways. Some of the units (becquerel, curie) deal with the number of disintegrations emanating from a material, others (roentgen) with the number of ionizations the radiation produces in air, still others (gray, rad) with the amount of energy imparted to material exposed to the radiation, and some (rem, sievert) with the effects of radiation on living tissue. The types of units have proliferated through the years in attempts to encompass different types of radiation, including nonionizing radiation, in a common frame of reference. Genetic studies of ionizing radiation support the following general principle: Over a wide range of x-ray doses, the frequency of mutations induced by x rays is proportional to the radiation dose. One type of evidence supporting this principle is the frequency with which X-chromosome recessive lethals are induced in Drosophila (Figure 13. For example, an exposure of 10 sieverts increases the frequency from the spontaneous value of 0. The mutagenic and lethal effects of ionizing radiation at low to moderate doses Table 13. Muller 1927 University of Texas, Austin, Texas Artificial Transmutation of the Gene Mutagenesis, which means the deliberate induction of mutations, plays an important role in genetics because it makes possible the identification of genes that control biological processes, such as development and behavior. For the demonstration that x rays could be used to induce new mutations, Muller was awarded a Nobel Prize in 1946. His discovery also had important practical implications in regard to x rays (and other mutagenic agents) present in the environment. Most modern geneticists will agree that gene mutations form the chief basis of organic evolution, and therefore of most of the complexities of living things. Unfortunately for the geneticists, however, the study of these mutations, and, through them, of the genes themselves, has heretofore been very seriously hampered by the extreme infrequency of their occurrence under ordinary conditions, and by the general unsuccessfulness of attempts to modify decidedly, and in a sure and detectable way, this sluggish "natural" mutation rate. On theoretical grounds, it has Treatment of the sperm with relatively heavy doses of x-rays induces the occurrence of true "gene mutations" in a high proportion the treated germ cells appeared to the present writer that radiations of short wave length should be especially promising for the production of mutational changes, and for this and other reasons a series of experiments concerned with this problem has been undertaken during the past year on the fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster. It has been found quite conclusively that treatment of the sperm with relatively heavy doses of x-rays induces the occurrence of true "gene mutations" in a high proportion of the treated germ cells. Several hundred mutants have been obtained in this way in a short time and considerably more than a hundred have been followed through three, four or more generations. Regarding the types of mutations produced, it was found that the recessive lethals greatly outnumbered the nonlethals producing a visible morphological abnormality. In addition to gene mutations, it was found that there is also caused by x-ray treatment a high proportion of rearrangements in the linear order of the genes. The transmuting action of x-rays on the genes is not confined to the sperm cells, for treatment of the unfertilized females causes mutations about as readily as treatment of the males. In conclusion, the attention of those working along classical genetic lines may be drawn to the opportunity, afforded them by the use of x-rays, of creating in their chosen organisms a series of artificial races for use in the study of genetics. If, as seems likely on genetic considerations, the effect is common to most organisms, it should be possible to produce, "to order," enough mutations to furnish respectable genetic maps. The single-stand breaks are usually efficiently repaired, but the other damage is responsible for mutation and lethality. Although systems exist for repairing the breaks, the repair often leads to translocations, inversions, duplications and deletions. Although the effects of extremely low levels of radiation are extremely difficult to measure because of the background of spontaneous mutation, most experiments support the following principle: There appears to be no threshold exposure below which mutations are not induced. The basis for the treatment is the increased frequency of chromosomal breakage (and the consequent lethality) in cells undergoing mitosis compared with cells in interphase. Tumors usually contain many more mitotic cells than most normal tissues, so more tumor cells than normal cells are destroyed. Because not all tumor cells are in mitosis at the same time, irradiation is carried out at intervals of several days to allow interphase tumor cells to enter mitosis. Note that, with the exception of diagnostic x rays, which yield important compensating benefits, most of the total radiation exposure comes from natural sources, particularly radon gas. Less than 20 percent of the average radiation exposure comes from artificial sources. Nevertheless, there are dangers inherent in any exposure to ionizing radiation, particularly in an increased risk of leukemia and certain other cancers in the exposed persons. In regard to increased genetic diseases in future generations the risk that a small amount of additional radiation will have mutagenic effects is low enough that most geneticists are currently more concerned about the effects of the many mutagenic (as well as carcinogenic) chemicals that are introduced into the environment from a variety of sources. The National Academy of Sciences of the United States regularly updates the estimated risks of radiation exposure.

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I have also witnessed officers treat my clients calmly and with kindness erectile dysfunction for young adults order malegra dxt with a mastercard, but I know that’s not the face they always turn toward the addict. The Downtown Eastside addicts are acutely aware of their lack of power in any conflict with authority, be it legal or medical. Such experiences, for the addict, add more links to the chain of utter powerlessness that began in childhood. With revolving-door regularity addicts are brought before the courts for crimes they commit to support their substance dependence. A few judges are mindful that addiction came upon these people as a defensive response to what they endured before their eyes went dead: heroin for the pain, cocaine to enliven dulled spirits. Some judges will speak to them with compassion, urge them to reform and offer them what narrow avenues of redemption our social and justice systems provide. Empathic judge or hanging judge, both are eventually compelled to send the addict-criminal to prison. Incarcerated in institutions where fear and violence often rule, many will re-experience exactly what they suffered early in their lives and ever since: helplessness and isolation. While on the positive side, jail at times gives people a much-needed break from their compulsive drug use, on release most of them will relapse into drug taking and, of necessity, into the illegal acts required to sustain those habits. In the War on Drugs the enemies are most often children like the ones Detective-Sergeant Gillespie could not rescue or rescued too late. They are the foot soldiers, the ones who live in the trenches—and as in all wars, they are the ones who suffer and die. The War on Drugs, from the Hastings-facing window of the Portland Hotel, is manifested in the pregnant Celia kneeling on the sidewalk, handcuffed wrists behind her back, eyes cast on the ground. There was no Detective-Sergeant Gillespie to protect her when, as a little girl, she was raped by her stepfather and subjected to the nocturnal spitting ritual, so in the War on Drugs she has become one of the enemy. Also a foe in the War on Drugs is thirty-eight-year-old Shawn, who periodically disappears from my methadone practice. He’s a street dweller and petty thief, so his crimes never result in long jail terms. One time he was gone for nearly a year, but usually the absences last only weeks or months. Cocaine is his other habit apart from narcotics, and like many others, he unwittingly began to use this chemical as self medication for his undiagnosed and untreated attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. It would be superfluous to tell Shawn’s life story—the reader will have some sense of it by now—but it is instructive to see how the enemy describes himself. With his permission I reproduce here, precisely as he wrote them, the words Shawn scribbled at the beginning of the disability form: In My opinion My life as I no it to the truth. It started when I was about 11–12 yrs old and I was in the wrong crowd of people to associaiate with. I grew with an alchol addiction from the he would Physicly Beat my Mom as was us kids. Because I’m physically addicted to Methadone I’m very limited to what I can make extra money from, since all this has happened Ive lost a lot of self esteem and get a mild paranoia from other peers. I never found out much about his life, but there are other addicts in his family and, as far as we could tell, much pain and disconnection. A glimpse into her world and her mind is given by a scrawled note she addressed to the dying Raymond. If I do it againg, and again it’s because i keep my word to pay you and you know that right! I apreciate what you do for me very much, that is the reason why I respect you and pay you exactly what you give me, sometimes you said I own you less and I tell you the truth by letting you know I own you more. Raymond: You know, I don’t still or sheet [steal or cheat] specialy to you whom has give me the chance to prove you that I did not use you or hurt you in any way. You know last time you accusse me because you belive these girls, I hope this time you are accussing me in your own with out been told what to do, because you are smart intelegent enough to make your own decitions. Lisa’s semiliterate plea to her drug pusher for understanding could be turned toward a larger issue. I believe that if all of us as individuals and as a society were “smart, intelegent enough” to make our own decisions, we would not punish the addict or wage a war in which human beings like Celia, Lisa, Shawn and Raymond are treated as the enemy. As this book goes to press, in Iraq there is no end in sight to extraordinary violence and the roll call of American casualties grows ever longer. A diminished number of people support either its stated purposes or the strategy and tactics by which it is being pursued. Similarly, what the Canadian government calls Canada’s “mission” in Afghanistan is under critical scrutiny at home as military and civilian casualties mount in that faraway land. The questions being raised about both conflicts are pertinent to any war and are equally relevant to the War on Drugs: Are the declared aims valid and attainable? Unlike the relatively recent interventions in Iraq and Afghanistan, the War on Drugs has been dragging on for many decades. Although the term was first coined in 1971 by Richard Nixon, its policies have been pursued with escalating force since the early years of the twentieth century. Were we to apply objective measures, we would rapidly abandon both the rhetoric and the practices of this war. Were we to judge according to ethics and humane feeling, we would find the War abhorrent. Despite differences in political and social attitudes, our two countries have broad cultural similarities. That information is readily available from, among others, high-level officials previously committed to prosecuting the War. One of them is Norm Stamper, former police chief of Seattle, who after his retirement, has become an advocate of decriminalizing drugs. Chief Stamper writes: Think of this war’s real casualties: tens of thousands of otherwise innocent Americans incarcerated, many for 20 years, some for life; families ripped apart; drug traffickers and blameless bystanders shot dead on city streets…The United States has, through its war on drugs, fostered political instability, official corruption, and health and environmental disasters around the globe. Among young people in North America drug use has reached unprecedented levels and enjoys unprecedented tolerance. According to figures quoted by Norm Stamper, the number of Americans who have used illegal drugs stands at 77 million. Department of Justice reports that the number of prisoners has tripled, from 139 per 100,000 residents in 1980 to 476 per 100,000 in 2002, the vast majority being incarcerated after drug convictions. From 1980 to 1999 the annual number of Americans arrested for drug offences nearly tripled, from 580,900 to 1,532,200. If the War’s purpose is to protect people and communities or to improve their quality of life, it fails disastrously. As the personal histories of Downtown Eastside addicts illustrate and as statistics show, the human costs are devastating. From 1980 to 1996, there has been a 400 percent increase in the number of women prisoners. Many are the mothers of small children who will be left without maternal care, and most probably without any parental care at all…The engine of punitive punishment of mothers will haunt this nation for many years to come. If it is to suppress the cultivation of plants from which the major substances of abuse are derived: once again, abject failure. Official claims of victory in the War on Drugs have been no more reliable than similar announcements about the conflict in Iraq. As a NewYork Times correspondent reported from Afghanistan: A few weeks before I arrived in Helmand, John Walters, the director of the White House Office of National Drug Control Policy, told reporters that Afghan authorities were succeeding in reducing opium-poppy cultivation. Yet despite hundreds of millions of dollars being allocated by Congress to stop the trade, a United Nations report in September estimated that this year’s crop was breaking all records—6,100 metric tons compared with 4,100 last year. Colombia has remained the world’s largest cocaine producer, supplying 90 per cent of the cocaine for the U. The ultimate beneficiaries are neither the impoverished Afghan or Colombian peasant nor the streetcorner pusher in the U. The illegality of mind-altering substances enriches drug cartels, crime syndicates and their corrupt enablers among politicians, government officials, judges, lawyers and police officers around the world. If one set out deliberately to fashion a legal system designed to maximize and sustain the wealth of international drug criminals and their abettors, one could never dream up anything to improve upon the present one—except, perhaps, to add tobacco to the list of contraband substances. That way the traffickers and their allies could profit even more—although it’s unimaginable that their legally respectable counterparts, tax-hungry governments and the nicotine pushers in tobacco company boardrooms, would ever allow that to happen.